內 容 提 要
英語中的語態分主動語態和被動語態兩種。英語中只有及物動詞、動詞短語和某些成語才能構成被動語態。被動語態的構成形式為「be+動詞的?ED分詞」。在下列情況下用被動語態：不知道或不必要提出動作的執行者;強調動作的承受者;「get+動詞?ED分詞」是被動詞的特殊形式;某些系動詞用主動表示被動;表示狀態或特徵的及物動詞沒有被動語態。總之，主動語態和被動語態是有一定區別的。
I被動語態的構成
被動語態的構成形式為「be+動詞的?ED分詞」，隨時態的不同，「be」發生相應的變化，下表是be在英語八種被動時態中的變化形式
一 般
完 成
進 行
現在
am，is，are + told
have(has) been + told
am，is，are + being told
過去
was，were+told
had been + told
was，were + being told
將來
will(shall) be + told
過去將來
would(should) be + told
II被動語態的用法
一、當我們不知道動作的執行者時
1) Colorful posters were in San Francisco in the 1960s to publicize rock shows.
[A] print
[B] prints
[C] printed
[D] printing
2) The main [A] stream of a river frequently is dividing [B] into two or more [C] branches near its mouth [D] .
二、當我們不必要指出動作的執行者時
3) The tenor drum(小鼓) is used primarily in military bands and is normally with small felt sticks.
[A] play
[B] played
[C] to play
[D] playing
4) I』ll take down your name and address in case you as a witness.
[A] are needed
[B] will be needed
[C] need
[D] will need
5) Cottage cheese， an American favorite [A] ， can made easily [B] at home [C] from milk [D] ，lemon， juice， and salt.
三、當我們強調或側重動作的承受者時,這時我們通常用by引出動作的執行者
6) The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged to produce the desired blend of sounds from the various musical sections.
A the conductor of
B from the conductor
C the conductor and
D by the conductor
7) The bridge was hitting [A] by a large ship during [B] a sudden [C] storm last [D] week.
四、「get+ed分詞」的被動語態,這時習慣固定用法，這種結構往往更強調動作的結果而非動作的本身
8) 「Your daughter has two children, doesn’t she?」
「That’s right. She in 1970.」
[A] did marriage
[B] was married
[C] had married
[D] got married
9) Supposing you five bottles of beer, do you think you would get drunk?
[A] were drinking
[B] have drunk
[C] were to drink
[D] drink
五、主動形式表示被動意義,如某些系動詞如cook, feel, prove, smell和taste等其主動語態表示被動的意義
10) The patted?shoes that my wife bought me comfortable.
[A] felt
[B] feels
[C] was felt
[D] is felt
11) As [A] the proverb says [B] , 「 Good medicine is tasted [C] bitter to [D] the mouth.」
六、沒有被動語態的詞， 表示狀態或特徵的及物動詞如contain, cost, fit, have, lack, suit等沒有被動形式，另外，諸如happen, occur, take place, break out 等不及物動詞或短語以及諸如result from(緣於)，belong to, consist of等只用主動語態，而不用被動語態
12) Some critics maintain that when [A] a work of literature is lacked [B] reference to [C] the general experience of mankind， it fails as art [D] .
13) The book that I bought [A] the day before [B] yesterday is costed [C] me twenty and a half yuan [D] .
[注]除此之外，某些詞如反身代詞和相互代詞以及?ING和不定式不能作為被動語態的主語;某些被動語態沒有相應的主動語態如「I was born in 1966.」。另外有些?ED分詞已失去了被動的含義，它們和主語及「be」一起構成了主系表結構，如：be interested in, be concerned about, be based upon, be qualified for, be surprised at 等。穿著某種顏色的衣服一般說「be dressed in」，而不說「dress black clothes」， 但可以說「wear black clothes」。這些請大家在複習過程中也應加以注意。
七、例題解析
1) C為正確答案。我們不清楚是誰印的「彩色海報」。
2) B錯，改為is divided。具體是誰把它分成兩三個分支，我們並不知道。
3) B對。其實演奏小鼓的應是軍樂隊的人，但我們沒必要提出來。
4) B為正確答案。「我」或「他人」需要「你」做證人，但「我」或「他人」沒必要指出來，這裡強調的是「需要」動作的承受者，而不是動作的使動者，所以用被動語態。
5) B錯，改為can be made easily。制這種cottage cheese(酪農乾酪)的人是家庭主婦或是做飯的人，這裡我們也沒必要指出。
6) D對。這裡強調的是「交響樂中樂隊隊員的座位」是由指揮來安排的。這裡不強調指揮，所以用被動語態。
7) A錯。改為was hit。這裡強調的是「橋」被撞壞後的情況，所以用被動語態，被動語態的構成是「be+?ED分詞」，而不是「…+?ING」分詞，所以A錯。如果只表述「撞」這件事，那就不用被動語態。
8) D為正確答案。這裡不選B就是因為get+?ED分詞是慣用法。假設在沒有D的情況下是可以選B的。
9) C為正確答案。我們需要說明的是句末的「you would get drunk」是慣用法，同時也是虛擬語氣。那麼虛擬式中的條件句應該用「be+動詞原形」表示將來，所以選C(關於虛擬語氣將在下一章講述)。
10) B為正確答案。這裡的「穿起來舒服」是人穿起來舒服，那麼鞋只能是被穿，但如果有上述系動詞作謂語，英語習慣上用主動表示被動。
11) C錯。改為tastes。「良藥苦口」的「藥」是被人吃的，但英語在由taste做謂語時也用主動語態表示被動。
12) B錯。 改為lacks，因為lack沒有被動語態。
13) C錯。改為costs。
III 不同時態下的被動語態
一、一般現在時的被動語態
1) When overall exports [A] exceed imports [B] ， a country said [C] to have a trade [D] surplus.
2) Are all telephone numbers in the directory?
[A] list
[B] listed
[C] listing
[D] being listed
二、一般過去時的被動語態
3) The first zoological garden [A] in the United States [B] had estabilshed [C] in Philadelphia in 1874 [D] .
4) Pluto， the outermost planet of the solar system， photographically in March 1930.
[A] discovered
[B] was discovered
[C] by discovery
[D] when discovered
三、一般將來時的被動語態
5) My pictures until next week.
[A] won’t develop
[B] aren’t developing
[C] don’t develop
[D] won’t be developed
6) Upon your graduation from school, how well will you for the job that lies ahead?
[A] prepare
[B] prepared
[C] be prepared
[D] are prepared
四、現在完成時的被動語態
7) Farm animals [A] have been regardless [B] by nearly all societies as a valuable [C] economic resource [D] .
8) How many wounded [A] soldiers are left out [B] there who haven’t operated [C] on [D] yet?
五、過去完成時的被動語態
9) Experiments in the photography of moving objects in both the United States and Europe well before 1900.
A have been conducting
B were conducting
C had been conducted
D being conducted
10) Gregory told Mary that he what he was doing during the vacation.
[A] had just been asked
[B] had just asked
[C] was just asked
[D] just asked
六、現在進行時的被動語態
11) The advantages of computerized typing [A] and editing [B] are now being extending [C] to all the written [D] languages of the world.
12) Conservative philosophers argue [A] that the very structure of society is threatening [B] by civil disobedience， while [C] humanists stress [D] the primacy of the individual conscience.
七、將來完成時的被動語態
13) Radio represtents a large part of the electromagnetic spectrum and more types of radio?waves early by next century anywhere in the Galaxy.
[A] discovers
[B] will discover
[C] will have discovered
[D] will have been discovered
八、被動結構句子中，動作的執行者由介詞by引導短語
14) A letter of credit is often used to [A] companies to finance [B] the movement [C] of goods [D] between countries.
15) All sewing was done with [A] hand until [B] the invention of [C] the sewing machine in [D] the nineteenth century.
16) The ceremony [A] of marriage in the [B] United States can be [C] performed from [D] a justice of the peace.
九、例題解析
1) C錯。被動語態的構成為「be+?ED分詞」，故C應改為「(a) country is said」，由於是一般現在時，故be相應地變為is。
2) B為正確答案。空檔處缺的是?ED分詞。
3) C錯。 應改為was established。 這時表示過去(in 1874)的被動語態。
4) B為正確答案。(理由同上)
5) D為正確答案。
6) C為正確答案。當「prepare」做「使有準備，為…做準備」講時，一般用被動語態，如：Be prepared against war, be prepared against natural disaster, and do everthing for the people. 備戰備荒為人民。 be well prepared for sth. 對做某事有充分準備。 prepare sb. to hear the news 使某人對這消息有思想準備。
7) B錯。改為regarded。be regarded as 「被當做」，用被動語態，再者，B後有被動語態引導使動者的介詞by。
8) C錯。改為have not been operated。這裡who引導的是定語從句修飾「soldiers」，同時它也是soldiers的先行詞。傷兵是被做手術，所以用被動語態。
9) C對。「實驗」(experiments)只能被人做，故只能用被動語態，符合此條件的只有C，而D 構成上有誤。本句的時間狀語為「before 1900」，因此從時態上說選C，應當用過去完成時。
10) A為正確答案。因為主句謂語動詞用了過去式，賓語從句中應該用過去完成時，同時又是被動語態，所以選A。
11) C錯。改為?ED分詞「extended」，本句為現在進行時的被動語態，故其構成為「am/is/are being+?ED分詞」。
12) B錯。本句應用被動語態，因為「社會結構(structure of society)」本身不可能發出「威脅」這個動作， 它只能受到外界的威脅，注意後面「by短語」的提示，故B應改為「is being threatened」(現在進行時被動態) ，也可改為「is threatened」(一般現在時被動態) 。
13) D為正確答案。這裡指的是「無線電波」能體現出大部分電磁信號頻譜，到下世紀初，更多的……。到那一時刻業已能做的事，要用將來完成時，又是被動語態，所以選D。
14) A錯。改為「used by 」，因為「companies(公司) 」是使用「letter of credit(信用證) 」的行為者，故應用表行為者的介詞「by」。
15) A錯。 改為by。
16) D錯。 改為performed by。
IV 被動語態的特殊結構
一、情態動詞的被動結構由「情態動詞+be+?ED分詞」構成
1) Ground plans and contour(等高線) maps of the Earth from aerial photographs.
[A] can be drawn
[B] can draw
[C] to draw
[D] drawn
2) When [A] a spinning ball bounces， some of [B] the energy contained in its rotation can transferr [C] to its energy of forward motion [D] .
3) Orchestral instruments under the following types：strings，woodwind， brass， and percussion(打擊樂器組).
[A] grouped
[B] can group
[C] can be grouped
[D] to be grouped
二、成語動詞的被動語態
這裡的成語動詞包括「動詞+介詞」，「動詞+副詞」和「動詞+副詞+介詞」
4) After a heated [A] discussion for [B] a long time that afternoon, a suggestion putted forward [C] by [D] the head of the committee.
5) It was quite obvious that [A] those problems were never paid [B] attention [C] by [D] designers.
三、主動語態與被動語態的混淆
6) Highly precise [A] measurements have been shown [B] that variation in [C] the Earth’s rotation is largely controlled by climatic conditions [D] .
7) Great changes in the city, since the reform and opening to the outside world, and a lot of factories .
[A] have been taken place, have been set up
[B] have taken place, have been set up
[C] have taken place, have set up
[D] were taken place, were set up
8) Mild forms of exercise can some of the loss of flexibility that accompanies aging.
[A] stop
[B] to stop
[C] stopping
[D] be stopped
四、例題解析
1) A為正確答案。
2) C錯。本題含有情態動詞，由於主語(energy)與謂語動詞(can transfer)之間存在著被動關係，所以，本句C處應改為「can be transferred」。
3) C對。判斷主被動語態，關鍵要看主語能否發出謂語動詞的動作。本句的主語「樂器」顯然不能自己「分組」，而是被分為…。故用被動態。
4) C錯。改為was putted forward。
5) C錯。改為attention to。pay attention to是一固定詞組，不能丟失小品詞to。
6) B錯。改為「have shown」。原句主句選用了現在完成時的被動語態，而主語「測量結果」分明能自己顯示「show」，故應用主動語態才對。全句譯為：「高度精確的測量結果顯示地球轉動的變化主要受氣候條件的控制。」
7) B對。take place是不及物動語短語，它的主語為事或物，故用主動語態，因為有since 介詞短語，所以這裡用完成時，不用過去時。後半句主語factories 與謂語set up之間的關係是被動關係，故用被動語態，B 為正確答案。
8) A對。和上例相同，主語「鍛鍊」本身也能起到「stop…flexibility」的作用，故應選主動語態。