UNESCO Universal Declaration on CulturalDiversity
Adopted by theGeneral Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and CulturalOrganization at its thirty-first session on 2 November 2001
The GeneralConference ,
Committed to thefull implementation of the human rights and fundamental freedoms proclaimed inthe Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other universally recognizedlegal instruments, such as the two International Covenants of 1966 relatingrespectively to civil and political rights and to economic, social and culturalrights,
Recalling thatthe Preamble to the Constitution of UNESCO affirms "that the widediffusion of culture, and the education of humanity for justice and liberty andpeace are indispensable to the dignity of man and constitute a sacred dutywhich all the nations must fulfil in a spirit of mutual assistance andconcern",
Further recallingArticle 1 of the Constitution, which assigns to UNESCO among other purposesthat of recommending "such international agreements as may be necessary topromote the free flow of ideas by word and image",
Referring to theprovisions relating to cultural diversity and the exercise of cultural rightsin the international instruments enacted by UNESCO, 1
Reaffirming thatculture should be regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material,intellectual and emotional features of society or a social group, and that itencompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, ways of livingtogether, value systems, traditions and beliefs, 2
Noting thatculture is at the heart of contemporary debates about identity, socialcohesion, and the development of a knowledge-based economy,
Affirming thatrespect for the diversity of cultures, tolerance, dialogue and cooperation, ina climate of mutual trust and understanding are among the best guarantees ofinternational peace and security,
Aspiring togreater solidarity on the basis of recognition of cultural diversity, ofawareness of the unity of humankind, and of the development of interculturalexchanges,
Considering thatthe process of globalization, facilitated by the rapid development of newinformation and communication technologies, though representing a challenge forcultural diversity, creates the conditions for renewed dialogue among culturesand civilizations,
Aware of thespecific mandate which has been entrusted to UNESCO, within the United Nationssystem, to ensure the preservation and promotion of the fruitful diversity ofcultures,
Proclaims thefollowing principles and adopts the present Declaration:
Identity,diversity and pluralism
Article 1 - Cultural diversity: the commonheritage of humanity
Culture takesdiverse forms across time and space. This diversity is embodied in theuniqueness and plurality of the identities of the groups and societies makingup humankind. As a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, culturaldiversity is as necessary for humankind as biodiversity is for nature. In thissense, it is the common heritage of humanity and should be recognized andaffirmed for the benefit of present and future generations.
Article 2 - From cultural diversity tocultural pluralism
In ourincreasingly diverse societies, it is essential to ensure harmoniousinteraction among people and groups with plural, varied and dynamic culturalidentities as well as their willingness to live together. Policies for theinclusion and participation of all citizens are guarantees of social cohesion,the vitality of civil society and peace. Thus defined, cultural pluralism givespolicy expression to the reality of cultural diversity. Indissociable from ademocratic framework, cultural pluralism is conducive to cultural exchange andto the flourishing of creative capacities that sustain public life.
Article 3 - Cultural diversity as a factorin development
Cultural diversitywidens the range of options open to everyone; it is one of the roots ofdevelopment, understood not simply in terms of economic growth, but also as ameans to achieve a more satisfactory intellectual, emotional, moral andspiritual existence.
Cultural diversityand human rights
Article 4 - Human rights as guarantees ofcultural diversity
The defence ofcultural diversity is an ethical imperative, inseparable from respect for humandignity. It implies a commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms, inparticular the rights of persons belonging to minorities and those of indigenouspeoples. No one may invoke cultural diversity to infringe upon human rightsguaranteed by international law, nor to limit their scope.
Article 5 - Cultural rights as an enablingenvironment for cultural diversity
Cultural rightsare an integral part of human rights, which are universal, indivisible andinterdependent. The flourishing of creative diversity requires the fullimplementation of cultural rights as defined in Article 27 of the UniversalDeclaration of Human Rights and in Articles 13 and 15 of the InternationalCovenant on Economic, Social and cultural Rights. All persons should thereforebe able to express themselves and to create and disseminate their work in thelanguage of their choice, and particularly in their mother tongue; all persons shouldbe entitled to quality education and training that fully respect their culturalidentity; and all persons have the right to participate in the cultural life oftheir choice and conduct their own cultural practices, subject to respect forhuman rights and fundamental freedoms.
Article 6 - Towards access for all tocultural diversity
While ensuring thefree flow of ideas by word and image, care should be exercised so that allcultures can express themselves and make themselves known. Freedom of expression,media pluralism, multilingualism, equal access to art and to scientific andtechnological knowledge, including in digital form, and the possibility for allcultures to have access to the means of expression and dissemination are theguarantees of cultural diversity. Cultural diversity and creativity
Article 7 - Cultural heritage as thewellspring of creativity
Creation draws onthe roots of cultural tradition, but flourishes in contact with other cultures.For this reason, heritage in all its forms must be preserved, enhanced andhanded on to future generations as a record of human experience andaspirations, so as to foster creativity in all its diversity and to inspiregenuine dialogue among cultures.
Article 8 - Cultural goods and services:commodities of a unique kind
In the face ofpresent-day economic and technological change, opening up vast prospects forcreation and innovation, particular attention must be paid to the diversity ofthe supply of creative work, to due recognition of the rights of authors andartists and to the specificity of cultural goods and services which, as vectorsof identity, values and meaning, must not be treated as mere commodities orconsumer goods.
Article 9 - Cultural policies as catalystsof creativity
While ensuring thefree circulation of ideas and works, cultural policies must create conditionsconducive to the production and dissemination of diversified cultural goods andservices through cultural industries that have the means to assert themselvesat the local and global level. It is for each State, with due regard to itsinternational obligations, to define its cultural policy and to implement itthrough the means it considers fit, whether by operational support orappropriate regulations.
Cultural diversityand international solidarity
Article 10 - Strengthening capacities forcreation and dissemination worldwide
In the face ofcurrent imbalances in flows and exchanges of cultural goods and services at theglobal level, it is necessary to reinforce international cooperation andsolidarity aimed at enabling all countries, especially developing countries andcountries in transition, to establish cultural industries that are viable andcompetitive at national and international level.
Article 11 - Building partnerships betweenthe public sector, the private sector and civil society
Market forcesalone cannot guarantee the preservation and promotion of cultural diversity,which is the key to sustainable human development. From this perspective, thepre-eminence of public policy, in partnership with the private sector and civilsociety, must be reaffirmed.
Article 12 - The role of UNESCO
UNESCO, by virtueof its mandate and functions, has the responsibility to:
( a ) Promote theincorporation of the principles set out in the present Declaration into thedevelopment strategies drawn up within the various intergovernmental bodies;
( b ) Serve as areference point and a forum where States, international governmental andnon-governmental organizations, civil society and the private sector may jointogether in elaborating concepts, objectives and policies in favour of culturaldiversity;
( c ) Pursue itsactivities in standard-setting, awareness-raising and capacity-building in theareas related to the present Declaration within its fields of competence;
( d ) Facilitatethe implementation of the Action Plan, the main lines of which are appended tothe present Declaration.
1 Among which, inparticular, the Florence Agreement of 1950 and its Nairobi Protocol of 1976,the Universal Copyright Convention of 1952, the Declaration of Principles onInternational Cultural Co-operation of 1966, the Convention on the Means ofProhibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownershipof Cultural Property (1970), the Convention for the Protection of WorldCultural and Natural Heritage of 1972, the UNESCO Declaration on Race andRacial Prejudice of 1978, the Recommendation concerning the Status of theArtist of 1980, and the Recommendation on Safeguarding Traditional and PopularCulture of 1989.
2 This definitionis in line with the conclusions of the World Conference on Cultural Policies(MONDIACULT, Mexico City, 1982), of the World Commission on Culture andDevelopment ( Our Creative Diversity , 1995), and of the IntergovernmentalConference on Cultural Policies for Development (Stockholm, 1998).
Annex II Main lines of an action plan forthe implementation of the UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity
The Member Statescommit themselves to taking appropriate steps to disseminate widely the 「UNESCOUniversal Declaration on Cultural Diversity」 and to encourage its effectiveapplication, in particular by cooperating with a view to achieving the followingobjectives:
1. Deepening theinternational debate on questions relating to cultural diversity, particularlyin respect of its links with development and its impact on policy-making, atboth national and international level; taking forward notably consideration ofthe advisability of an international legal instrument on cultural diversity.
2. Advancing inthe definition of principles, standards and practices, on both the national andthe international levels, as well as of awareness-raising modalities andpatterns of cooperation, that are most conducive to the safeguarding andpromotion of cultural diversity.
3. Fostering theexchange of knowledge and best practices in regard to cultural pluralism with aview to facilitating, in diversified societies, the inclusion and participationof persons and groups from varied cultural backgrounds.
4. Making furtherheadway in understanding and clarifying the content of cultural rights as anintegral part of human rights.
5. Safeguardingthe linguistic heritage of humanity and giving support to expression, creationand dissemination in the greatest possible number of languages.
6. Encouraginglinguistic diversity – while respecting the mother tongue – at all levels ofeducation, wherever possible, and fostering the learning of several languagesfrom the earliest age.
7. Promotingthrough education an awareness of the positive value of cultural diversity andimproving to this end both curriculum design and teacher education.
8. Incorporating,where appropriate, traditional pedagogies into the education process with aview to preserving and making full use of culturally appropriate methods ofcommunication and transmission of knowledge.
9. Encouraging「digital literacy」 and ensuring greater mastery of the new information andcommunication technologies, which should be seen both as educationaldisciplines and as pedagogical tools capable of enhancing the effectiveness ofeducational services.
10. Promotinglinguistic diversity in cyberspace and encouraging universal access through theglobal network to all information in the public domain.
11. Countering thedigital divide, in close cooperation in relevant United Nations systemorganizations, by fostering access by the developing countries to the newtechnologies, by helping them to master information technologies and byfacilitating the digital dissemination of endogenous cultural products andaccess by those
countries to theeducational, cultural and scientific digital resources available worldwide.
12. Encouragingthe production, safeguarding and dissemination of diversified contents in themedia and global information networks and, to that end, promoting the role ofpublic radio and television services in the development of audiovisualproductions of good quality, in particular by fostering the establishment ofcooperative mechanisms to facilitate their distribution.
13. Formulatingpolicies and strategies for the preservation and enhancement of the culturaland natural heritage, notably the oral and intangible cultural heritage, andcombating illicit traffic in cultural goods and services.
14. Respecting andprotecting traditional knowledge, in particular that of indigenous peoples;recognizing the contribution of traditional knowledge, particularly with regardto environmental protection and the management
of naturalresources, and fostering synergies between modern science and local knowledge.
15. Fostering themobility of creators, artists, researchers, scientists and intellectuals andthe development of international research programmes and partnerships, whilestriving to preserve and enhance the creative capacity of developing countriesand countries in transition.
16. Ensuringprotection of copyright and related rights in the interest of the developmentof contemporary creativity and fair remuneration for creative work, whileat thesame time upholding a public right of access to culture, in accordance withArticle 27 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
17. Assisting inthe emergence or consolidation of cultural industries in the developingcountries and countries in transition and, to this end, cooperating in thedevelopment of the necessary infrastructures and skills, fostering theemergence of viable local markets, and facilitating access for the culturalproducts of those countries to the global market and international distributionnetworks.
18. Developingcultural policies, including operational support arrangements and/orappropriate regulatory frameworks, designed to promote the principles enshrinedin this Declaration, in accordance with the international obligations incumbentupon each State.
19. Involving thevarious sections of civil society closely in the framing of public policiesaimed at safeguarding and promoting cultural diversity.
20. Recognizingand encouraging the contribution that the private sector can make to enhancingcultural diversity and facilitating, to that end, the establishment of forumsfor dialogue between the public sector and the private sector.
The Member Statesrecommend that the Director- General take the objectives set forth in thisAction Plan into account in the implementation of UNESCO’s programmes andcommunicate it to institutions of the United Nations system and to otherintergovernmental and non-governmental organizations concerned with a view toenhancing the synergy of actions in favour of cultural diversity.
中文版：
世界文化多樣性宣言
聯合國教科文組織
2001年11月2日第二十次全體會議根據第IV委員會的報告通過的決議
前言
重視充分實現《世界人權宣言》和1966年關於公民權利和政治權利及關於經濟、社會與文化權利的兩項國際公約等其他普遍認同的法律檔中宣布的人權與基本自由，憶及教科文組織《組織法》序言確認「……文化之廣泛傳播以及為爭取正義、自由與和平對人類進行之教育為維護人類尊嚴不可缺少的舉措，亦為一切國家關切互助之精神，必須履行之神聖義務」，還憶及《組織法》第一條特別規定教科文組織的宗旨之一是，建議「訂立必要之國際協定，以便於運用文字與圖像促進思想之自由交流」，參照教科文組織頒布的國際檔中①涉及文化多樣性和行使文化權利的各項條款，重申應把文化視為某個社會或某個社會群體特有的精神與物質，智力與情感方面的不同特點之總和；除了文學和藝術外，文化還包括生活方式、共處的方式、價值觀體系，傳統和信仰②，注意到文化是當代就特性、社會凝聚力和以知識為基礎的經濟發展問題展開的辯論的焦點，確認在相互信任和理解氛圍下，尊重文化多樣性、寬容、對話及合作是國際和平與安全的最佳保障之一，希望在承認文化多樣性、認識到人類是一個統一的整體和發展文化間交流的基礎上開展更廣泛的團結互助，認為儘管受到新的信息和傳播技術的迅速發展積極推動的全球化進程對文化多樣性是一種挑戰，但也為各種文化和文明之間進行新的對話創造了條件，認識到教科文組織在聯合國系統中擔負著保護和促進豐富多彩的文化多樣性的特殊職責，宣布下述原則並通過本宣言：
特性、多樣性和多元化
第1條--文化多樣性--人類的共同遺產文化在不同的時代和不同的地方具有各種不同的表現形式。這種多樣性的具體表現是構成人類的各群體和各社會的特性所具有的獨特性和多樣化。文化多樣性是交流、革新和創作的源泉，對人類來講就象生物多樣性對維持生物平衡那樣必不可少。從這個意義上講，文化多樣性是人類的共同遺產，應當從當代人和子孫後代的利益考慮予以承認和肯定。
第2條--從文化多樣性到文化多元化在日益走向多樣化的當今社會中，必須確保屬於多元的、不同的和發展的文化特性的個人和群體的和睦關係和共處。主張所有公民的融入和參與的政策是增強社會凝聚力、民間社會活力及維護和平的可靠保障。因此，這種文化多元化是與文化多樣性這一客觀現實相應的一套政策。文化多元化與民主制度密不可分，它有利於文化交流和能夠充實公眾生活的創作能力的發揮。
第3條--文化多樣性--發展的因素文化多樣性增加了每個人的選擇機會；它是發展的源泉之一，它不僅是促進經濟增長的因素，而且還是享有令人滿意的智力、情感、道德精神生活的手段。
文化多樣性與人權
第4條--人權--文化多樣性的保障
捍衛文化多樣性是倫理方面的迫切需要，與尊重人的尊嚴是密不可分的。它要求人們必須尊重人權和基本自由，特別是尊重少數人群體和土著人民的各種權利。任何人不得以文化多樣性為由，損害受國際法保護的人權或限制其範圍。
第5條--文化權利--文化多樣性的有利條件
文化權利是人權的一個組成部分，它們是一致的、不可分割的和相互依存的。富有創造力的多樣性的發展，要求充分地實現《世界人權宣言》第27條和《經濟、社會、文化權利國際公約》第13條和第15條所規定的文化權利。因此，每個人都應當能夠用其選擇的語言，特別是用自己的母語來表達自己的思想，進行創作和傳播自己的作品；每個人都有權接受充分尊重其文化特性的優質教育和培訓；每個人都應當能夠參加其選擇的文化重大計劃生活和從事自己所特有的文化活動，但必須在尊重人權和基本自由的範圍內。
第6條--促進面向所有人的文化多樣性
在保障思想通過文字和圖像的自由交流的同時，務必使所有的文化都能表現自己和宣傳自己。言論自由，傳媒的多元化，語言多元化，平等享有各種藝術表現形式，科學和技術知識--包括數碼知識--以及所有文化都有利用表達和傳播手段的機會等，均是文化多樣性的可靠保證。
文化多樣性與創作
第7條--文化遺產--創作的源泉
每項創作都來源於有關的文化傳統，但也在同其他文化傳統的交流中得到充分的發展。因此，各種形式的文化遺產都應當作為人類的經歷和期望的見證得到保護、開發利用和代代相傳，以支持各種創作和建立各種文化之間的真正對話。
第8條--文化物品和文化服務--不同一般的商品
面對目前為創作和革新開闢了廣闊前景的經濟和技術的發展變化，應當特別注意創作意願的多樣性，公正地考慮作者和藝術家的權利，以及文化物品和文化服務的特殊性，因為它們體現的是特性、價值觀和觀念，不應被視為一般的商品或消費品。
第9條--文化政策--推動創作的積極因素
文化政策應當在確保思想和作品的自由交流的情況下，利用那些有能力在地方和世界一級發揮其作用的文化產業，創造有利於生產和傳播文化物品和文化服務的條件。每個國家都應在遵守其國際義務的前提下，制訂本國的文化政策，並採取其認為最為合適的行動方法，即不管是在行動上給予支持還是制訂必要的規章制度，來實施這一政策。
文化多樣性與國際團結
第10條--增強世界範圍的創作和傳播能力
面對目前世界上文化物品的流通和交換所存在的失衡現象，必須加強國際合作和國際團結，使所有國家，尤其是發展中國家和轉型期國家能夠開辦一些有活力、在本國和國際上都具有競爭力的文化產業。
第11條--建立政府、私營部門和民間社會之間的合作夥伴關係
單靠市場的作用是作不到保護和促進文化多樣性這一可持續發展之保證的。為此，必須重申政府在私營部門和民間社會的合作下推行有關政策所具有的首要作用。
第12條--教科文組織的作用
教科文組織根據其職責和職能，應當：
(a)促進各政府間機構在制訂發展方面的戰略時考慮本宣言中陳述的原則；
(b)充任各國、各政府和非政府國際組織、民間社會及私營部門之間為共同確定文化多樣性的概念、目標和政策所需要的聯繫和協商機構；
(c)繼續在其與本宣言有關的各主管領域中開展制定準則的行動、提高認識和培養能力的行動；
(d)為實施其要點附於本宣言之後的行動計劃提供便利。
①這些國際檔主要有：1950年的《佛羅倫斯協定》和1976年的《奈洛比議定書》，1952年的《世界著作權公約》，1966年的《國際文化合作宣言》，1970年的《關於採取措施禁止並防止文化財產非法進出口和所有權非法轉讓公約》，1972年的《保護世界文化和自然遺產公約》，1980年的《關於藝術家地位的建議》及1989年的《關於保護傳統文化和民間文化的建議》。
②這是根據世界文化政策會議（MONDIACULT，墨西哥，1982年）世界文化和發展委員會（報告《我們具有創造力的多樣性》，1995年）及政府間文化政策促進發展會議（斯德哥爾摩，1998年）的結論所下的定義。
附：
實施教科文組織世界文化多樣性宣言的行動計劃要點
會員國承諾採取適當措施，廣泛宣傳《教科文組織世界文化多樣性宣言》，並促進宣言的有效實施，其中包括為實現下列目標而展開合作：
1.深入開展與文化多樣性問題，尤其是文化多樣性與發展的關係問題和文化多樣性對制定國家或國際政策的影響問題有關的國際辯論，尤其要推動對制定一份關於文化多樣性的國際法律檔是否可行進行思考；
2.促進在國家和國際一級制定最有利於保護和提倡文化多樣性的原則、規範和實踐活動以及提高認識的方法和合作方式；
3.促進文化多元化方面的知識與良策的交流，為多元化社會中來自四面八方具有不同文化背景的個人和群體的融入和參與提供便利。
4.進一步認識和闡明作為人權之組成部分的文化權利所包含的內容。
5.保護人類的語言遺產，鼓勵用儘可能多的語言來表達思想、進行創作和傳播。
6.提倡在尊重母語的情況下，在所有可能的地方實現各級教育中的語言多樣化，鼓勵自幼學習多種語言。
7.通過教育，培養對文化多樣性的積極意義的意識，並為此改進教學計劃的制訂和師資隊伍的培訓。
8.在必要時，將傳統的教學方法納入到教學工作中，以保存和充分利用有關文化所特有的交流和傳授知識的方法。
9.促進「數位掃盲」，將信息與傳播新技術作為教學計劃中的學科和可提高教學工作效率的教學手段，提高掌握這些新技術的能力。
10.促進數位空間的語言多樣化，鼓勵通過全球網絡普遍地利用所有的公有信息。
11.與聯合國系統各有關機構密切合作，向數位鴻溝宣戰，促進發展中國家利用新技術，幫助這些國家掌握信息技術，並為當地文化產品的數位化傳播和這些國家利用世界範圍的具有教育、文化和科學性質的數位化資源提供方便。
12.鼓勵世界傳媒和全球信息網路製作、保護和傳播多樣化的內容，並為此加強公共廣播和電視機構在開發高質量視聽產品方面的作用，其中要支援建立一些有利於更好地傳播這些產品的合作機制。
13.制定保護和開發利用自然遺產和文化遺產，特別是口述和非物質文化遺產的政策和戰略，反對文化物品和文化服務方面的非法買賣。
14.尊重和保護傳統知識，特別是土著人民的傳統知識；承認環境保護和自然資源管理方面的傳統知識的作用；發揮現代科學與民間傳統知識的協同作用。
15.支援創作人員、藝術家、研究人員、科學家和知識分子的流動和國際研究計劃及合作夥伴關係的制定和發展，同時努力做到保護和提高發展中國家和轉型期國家的創造力。
16.為了當代創作工作的發展並使創作工作得到合理的酬報，保證著作權及其鄰接權得到保護，同時捍衛《世界人權宣言》第27條所規定的公眾享受文化的權利。
17.幫助發展中國家和轉型期國家建立或加強文化產業，並為此合作建立必要的基礎結構和培養必要的人才，促進建立有活力的當地市場，並為這些國家的文化產品進入世界市場和國際發行網提供方便。
18.在尊重各國的國際義務的情況下，制定能夠通過一些必要的活動輔助機制及/或相應的規章制度來推行本宣言所制定之原則的文化政策。
19.使民間社會的各個方面密切參與制定保護和提倡文化多樣性的公共政策。
20.承認並鼓勵私營部門在提倡文化多樣性上的貢獻，並為此建立公共部門與私營部門的對話空間。
會員國建議總幹事在實施教科文組織的計劃時考慮到本行動計劃中確定的各項目標，並將這些目標通知聯合國系統各機構，以及其他有關的政府間組織和非政府組織，以便加強協調行動，促進文化多樣性。
【歡迎關注中央民族大學民族文化多樣性研究中心公眾號：Cultural_Diversity】