v-ing的用法
一、概念
1、v-ing形式的種類功用和各種形式：V-ing 包括動名詞和現在分詞兩種，分別可作：
主語、賓語、表語; （動名詞）
定語、狀語、賓/主語補足語 (現在分詞)
注意：其否定形式是在其前邊加：not/never.
其各種形式如下表：
語態 時態
主動形式
被動形式
一般式
(not) doing
(not) being done
完成式
(not) having done
(not) having been done
2. V-ing形式的被動式用法及種類
當v-ing與它的邏輯主語構成被動關係時，要用其被動式， v-ing的被動式有兩種：一般被動式：being done；完成被動式：having been done； V-ing形式的被動式包括動名詞被動式和現在分詞的被動式兩種。
二、知識重點
考點/易錯點1
(一)動名詞的被動式
動名詞的被動式在句中可作主語、賓語、表語，且在句中只表被動，不表進行。
1、作主語
So being killed by sharks was a common thing. 因此被鯊魚吃掉是常有的事。
Being laughed at in public is a terrible thing.在公共場合下被嘲笑是件可怕的事。
Being exposed to the sun does harm to health.暴漏在陽光下對身體有害。
The president's being killed led to serious consequences.總統被殺導致了嚴重後果。
2、 作賓語
V-ing形式的被動式既可作動詞的賓語， 也可作介詞的賓語。
He was afraid of _________________ (abandon) by us.He did it without ___________ (ask)
You can't eat anything before _____________(operate on)I remember having been told the story.
3、作表語
What worried the child most was his not being allowed to visit his mother in the hospital.
使孩子最為擔心的是他不被允許到醫院看母親。
What I hate most is ________________ (laugh at)
The problem is for from _______________ (settle)
注意：①動名詞的被動式作主語和表語時，常用其一般式（being done)，不習慣用完成式；但作賓語時，若其動作發生謂語動詞之前或強調動作已經發生，可用其完成式（having been done)。如：
I appreciate having been given the chance to study abroad.
我很感激能被給與到國外留學的機會。
1)動名詞的被動式在句中作主、賓、表時，其特點是只表被動，不表進行。
2)動名詞的被動式作主、賓、表時，有時可採用其複合結構形式，即：名詞所有格/形容性物主代詞+ being done。如：
Tom's being admitted to college is a big surprise for us.湯姆被大學入取讓我們很是驚訝。
The discovery of new evidence led to his being caught.新證據的發現導致他被捕。
（二）現在分詞的被動式
現在分詞的被動式常句中作賓補和定語，一般不作狀語（除個別情形例外）；在句中既表被動又表進行
1、 作賓補
現在分詞的被動式（being done）作賓補時，表示正在進行的被動的動作，常與感官動詞連用。
I saw James being held up in the water by old Tom.
You'll find the topic _______________ (discuss) everywhere now.
As we approached the village we saw new houses _____________ (build)
注意：與過去分詞作賓補的區別：過去分詞作賓補表示動作已完成.
2、作定語
現在分詞的被動式（being done）作定語時時，表示正在進行的被動的動作。
The meeting ______________ (discuss) now is very important.
He asked who was the girl _____________ (operate）on in the operating room.
注意：1）現在分詞的被動式作後置定語時，表示正在進行的被動的動作；過去分詞作後置定語表示已經發生的被動的動作；不定式的被動式作後置定語表示未發生或即將發生的被動的動作。如：
a meeting being held now 正在被舉行的會議
a meeting heldyesterday 昨天舉行的會議
a meeting to be held tomorrow 明天將舉行的會議
2）現在分詞的被動完成式(having been done) 不能做定語和賓補。
The building having been built last year (×)The building built last year (√)
We found him having been killed. (×)We found him killed (√)
考點/易錯點2
現在分詞的被動完成式(having been done) 作狀語
當分詞與句子的主語構成被動關係，且此分詞動作（明確地）發生在句子的謂語動詞之前或持續發生一段時間（或持續發生多次）時可用現在分詞的被動完成式(having been done) 作狀語。
Having been shown around the classroom， we were taken to visit the lab.
被領著參觀了教室後，我們又被帶著參觀了實驗室。
Having been told the news， they put off the trip.
被告知此消息後，他們取消了這次旅。
Having been separated for many years by the war， they couldn't recognize each other.
因戰爭而分離多年後，他們都認不出對方了。
Having been told many times， the boy still didn't know how to do it.
儘管被告知多次了，那個小男孩他仍然不知如何去做。
注意：1)若分詞有自己獨立的主語可構成獨立主格結構。
The work having been done，they left the office.
All the exam papers having been handed in， the teacher sent the students home.
2)在這種獨立主格結構中，用現在分詞的被動完成式形式與用過去分詞形式差別不大。而為了簡潔，習慣採用過去分詞形式，如上面兩句常表達成：
The work done，they left the office.
All the exam papers handed in， the teacher sent the students home.
注意：過去分詞作狀語與現在分詞的被動完成式的區別：
二者作狀語時，都表示與句子的主語構成被動關係，區別不大，可以互換。但是在這種情況下，為了簡潔，還是習慣採用過去分詞形式作狀語。
Asked(=Having been asked) to work overtime，I missed a wonderful film.
由於昨晚被要求加班，我錯過了一場精彩的電影。
Polluted (=Having been polluted) seriously， the water in the river was not safe to drink.
但是如果強調分詞動作發生在句子的謂語動詞之前或強調分詞動作持續發生多次發（或持續一段時間）還是習慣採用現在分詞的被動完成式(having been done) 作狀語，但終歸區別還是不大。
Having been told many times， he still repeated the same mistakes.
儘管被告訴了多次，他還是犯同樣的錯誤。
考點/易錯點3
動名詞的主動形式表被動意義
1、在want，need，require，deserve等動詞之後作賓語時，常用動名詞的主動式表示被動意義。
2、在（be）worth後面只能用動名詞的主動態來表示被動意義。
His suggestion is worth considering.
3、在allow，advise，forbid，permit等動詞後直接跟動名詞形式作賓語，如果後面有名詞或代詞作賓語，其後用動詞不定式作賓語補足語。如：
We don't allow smoking here. 我們不允許在這兒抽菸
We don't allow students to smoke here.我們不允許學生抽菸
三、綜合練習
（一）適當形式填空
1．_______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one's skin.（expose）
2．The bird ___ escaped. I didn't mind at home.（catch；leave）
3．_________ the whole story， Jane decided not to see the film.（tell）
4．________ that it was going to snow， the climbers decided to put off their attempt on the highest mountain.（tell）
5．The squirrel was lucky that it just missed ________.（catch）
6．________ many times， he finally understood it. （tell）
7.Your car needs ____________(fill). 你這車要充氣
This city deserves _____________(visit). 這座城市值得光顧一下。
The problem requires ___________ (study)carefully.這個問題需要認真研究。
The trees want ___________ (water).這些樹需要澆水了。
7. ____________ (ask) to put on performance， she refused.
8. He disliked _________________ (interrupt) in his experiment .
9. _________________ (give) such a good chance， you should catch it .
10. I didn't mind __________ (leave)at home.
11. He came in without ___________ (ask).
12. __________________ (show) around the library， we were taken to see the lab.
（二）將下列句子翻譯成英語。
1. 他受不了別人那樣開他的玩笑。
2. 這問題遠遠沒有解決。
3. 沒有誰請他做，是他自己做的。
4. 在動手術之前你不能吃任何東西。
5. 既然已做出了決定，下個問題就是如何制定一個好的計劃。
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