迷惑行為大賞!中文名著的英文譯名,別告訴我答案,我能猜到!

我們學英語難，外國人學中文更難，不信你看看漢語四六級考試題目。錄音中一個聲音：「小明，窗臺上落了鳥屎，你去擦一下好不好啊？」「我擦！我不擦！」問：小明擦不擦窗臺？這還只是入門級的漢語翻譯題，如果把博大精深的中文名著翻譯成外語，會出現什麼樣的迷惑翻譯大賞？黛玉該怎麼翻譯？寶釵該怎麼翻譯？《紅樓夢》該怎麼翻譯？《金瓶梅》該怎麼翻譯？……
中文最不缺意境和典故，而且這東西很玄，只可意會不可言傳，很多時候中國人都不一定能get到，何況西方世界的讀者。為此，翻譯家們為了那幾個可以概括文意、抓住讀者注意力的英語單詞，真是上窮碧落下黃泉，但是最後效果能盡人意的還真不多。《大宋宣和遺事》是成書於元代的講史話本，William O. Hennessey取「宣和」二字之意，將書譯為Proclaiming Harmony（宣布和諧），名字是真美、真好聽，但書的重點：大宋遺事，被完美避開。Pearl S. Buck翻譯的《水滸傳》名為All Men Are Brothers（所有的男人都是兄弟），這翻譯在文言小說中算是比較能抓住重點的了，許多明清小說被譯成英文後標題起得那叫一個迷惑。Arthur Waley於1942年翻譯了一部縮略版《西遊記》，起名:Monkey（猴子），這一版本影響非常大，出版後多次再版，很長一段時間內是西方最流行的《西遊記》譯本，但也被批評太過短淺，喪失了《西遊記》的深刻內核。當然也有翻譯得不錯的。明代馮夢龍編輯整理的「三言」包括喻世明言（又名古今小說）、醒世恆言、警世通言，三部書由Shuhui Yang和Yunqin Yang翻譯，分別名為Stories Old and New（老的和新的故事）、Stories to Awaken the World（使世界清醒的故事）、Stories to Caution the World（告誡世界的故事）。小作者竊以為，翻譯中國古代文學的都是勇士，敢翻譯《紅樓夢》和《金瓶梅》的更是翻譯家中的敢死隊，即使譯名莫名其妙，在此都應該對辛勤勞作的學者們深鞠躬。「金瓶梅」這一標題指的是文中的三位女性角色：潘金蓮，李瓶兒，龐春梅。David Tod Roy將其譯為The Plum in the Golden Vase（金色瓶子中的梅花），算是一種直譯和意譯的結合，但可惜的是此翻譯並不能讓讀者理解標題和人物的關係。除非精通中文，不然誰能想到Golden指的是P'an Chin-Lien（潘金蓮）？▲有第一奇書之稱的《金瓶梅》 已經讓很多中國學者鞠躬盡瘁而Clement Egerton的《金瓶梅》英文譯本選擇主打金蓮，名為The Golden Lotus（金色蓮花），（李瓶兒，龐春梅：我們不要面子的嗎？）。更迷惑的是他對人物名字的翻譯，潘金蓮當然是The Golden Lotus，吳月娘的英文名是the Moon Laday（月亮女士），孫雪娥的名字成了Beauty of the Snow（白雪美人），孟玉樓是Tower of Jade（玉石的塔），保姆如意兒則是Heart's Delight（心中的愉悅），此處不一一列舉。另一迷惑操作是女人的名字各領風騷，男人的名字千篇一律。你以為西門慶的名字是West Gate Celebration嗎？不，他還是他，一模一樣的煙火。他還是那個Tsi-men Ch'ing，他的兒子官哥，也還是那個Kuan Ko。如此騷操作的不止他一家。下文會講到的Chi-Chen Wang的《紅樓夢》英譯本中，黛玉成了Black Jade（黑色的玉石），寶釵是Precious Virtue（寶貴的品德），而寶玉卻還是那個Pao-yu。使人迷惑的意譯行為在現代小說中似乎好了那麼一點，至少使人更容易抓住主題了。Jean. M. James翻譯的《駱駝祥子》譯名為Rickshaw（人力車），Helena Kuo的版本則是Rickshaw Boy（拉人力車的男孩），點出了貫穿全書的一條線：祥子圍繞人力車進行的掙扎。Helena Kuo還翻譯了老舍的《離婚》，標題同樣簡明易懂：The Quest for Love of Lao Lee（老李的求愛之路），但可惜的是，原標題的含蓄和深意也被同時抹去了。有的意境派翻譯倒為原標題增加了幾分意思。Adet和Anor Lin所譯的謝冰瑩的《女兵自傳》，譯名為Girl Rebel: The Autobiography of Hsieh Pingying（女孩反抗：謝冰瑩自傳），一下子就傳達出謝冰瑩的抗爭精神。可是意境這種東方玄學，沒那麼好拿捏，這也許是為什麼就算看上去怪怪的，有的譯者還是會選擇完全忠於原文，至於這種翻譯如何評價，讀者們見仁見智。Chi-Chen Wang的《紅樓夢》英譯本名為Dream of the Red Chamber（關於紅房間的夢），Hsien-yi Yang和Gladys Yang的精簡本被譯為A Dream of Red Mansions（一個關於紅別墅的夢）。「紅樓」本來指的是那富貴鄉溫柔地，可一旦變成英語，就迅速不明所以起來，既不富貴，也不溫柔。不知道是不是「紅樓夢」太難翻，John Minford選擇《紅》的另一個題目「石頭記」作為題目，譯為The Story of the Stone（石頭的故事）。《紅》的譯名大都跳不出這三種情況，並且我目前還沒有看到意譯的，要是我遺漏了，歡迎讀者老爺們補充。J. H. Jackson將這本書譯為Water Margin（水邊上），可以說十分忠於原文了。比之前魔性的「Monkey」比起來，《西遊記》的直譯通順正常多了，Anthony C. Yu的譯名為The Journey to the West（向西的旅程）。Graham Sanders翻譯了沈復的《浮生六記》，譯名為Six Records of a Life Adrift（漂流的生活的六條記錄）。adrift在英文中有隨波逐流、漫無目的之意，這條題目起得還算貼切。相比之下，現代作品的譯名直來直往起來就順多了，讀起來也沒那麼彆扭。Lily Chia Brissman和Barry Brissman也翻譯過上面提到的《女兵自傳》，譯名就是A Woman Soldier's Own Story: The Autobiography of Xie Bingying（一個女兵的故事：謝冰瑩自傳）。蕭乾的《未帶地圖的旅人——蕭乾回憶錄》由Jeffery C. Kinkley翻譯，名為Traveller Without a Map（未帶地圖的旅人）。矛國權、柳存仁翻譯的巴金的《寒夜》，譯名Cold Nights（寒冷的夜晚）。Shi Xiaoqing所譯的《駱駝祥子》，名字就是Camel Xiangzi（駱駝Xiangzi）。此派比較慘，多見古詩詞翻譯中。古詩詞的集子基本都是作者名字+文體，如李白詩、李清照詞集，所以對於很多譯者來講，這類書等於沒題目。畢竟各位詩人也不是國際巨星，封皮上單印著一個對很多西方人完全陌生的中國名字，實在是勸退讀者。於是翻譯們迎難而上，以自己的頭髮作為犧牲，幹起了作者的活——給書起題目。這些需要題目的書大都特文藝，所以譯者們也得以展一展自己的文採。J. P. Seaton和James Cryer合作翻譯了一本李杜詩歌選集，名字起得頗有韻味：Bright Moon, Perching Bird: Poems by Li Po and Tu Fu. （明月棲鳥：李白杜甫詩歌）。Red Pine為韋應物詩集起名：In Such Hard Times: The Poetry of Wei Ying-wu.（在這艱難的時刻：韋應物詩）。說到艱難，不能少了杜甫。David Young翻譯的杜甫詩集名叫：Du Fu: A Life in Poetry. （杜甫：在詩歌中度過的一生）。不止杜甫，David Young還翻譯了杜牧和魚玄機的詩歌。杜牧選集被名為：Out on the Autumn River: Selec-ted Poems of Du Mu（在一川秋水上：杜牧詩歌選），魚玄機詩則是：The Clouds Float North: The Complete Poe-ms of Yu Xuanji（雲兒北逝：魚玄機詩歌全集），杜牧和魚玄機的集子譯名倒比杜甫的更優美些。除了自己創作，譯者還可以從集子裡找一個漂亮題目，Jonathan Chaves翻譯的張籍詩就是如此。張籍的《廢瑟詞》中有「此瑟還奏雲門曲」之語，於是譯本便被命名為Cloud Gate Song: The Verse of Tang Poet Zhangji（雲門曲：唐朝詩人張籍集），除了外國讀者看到這個題目大概會一頭霧水，沒啥毛病。

總的來看，現代作品對譯者友好很多。很多作品用直譯、意譯都能起一個像樣子的題目。各個派別都有長短，至於選哪種進行翻譯，也不是完全由譯者決定，作品本身的類別、內容、文體已經給譯者帶來了很多限制，在古代作品中尤其明顯。

古代經典本就廣闊深遠，意境玄妙，文辭優美，一切盡在不言中，要把這一切用現代英語表達出來實在艱難，所以或在翻譯中丟掉許多味道，或莫名其妙，或不知所云也無可奈何了。

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《孫子兵法》三十六計（Thirty-Six Stratagems）乃兵家之經典著作。語源於南北朝，成書於明清，是漢民族悠久文化遺產之一。

Chapter 1: Winning Stratagems
第一套 勝戰計

第一計 瞞天過海 
crossing the sea under camouflage備周則意怠；常見則不疑。陰在陽之內，不在陽之對。太陽，太陰。
Mask your real goals, by using the ruse of a fake goal, until the real goal is achieved. Tactically, this is known as an 'open feint': in front of everyone, you point west, when your goal is actually in the east.第二計 圍魏救趙
relieving the state of Zhao by besieging the state of Wei

When the enemy is too strong to be attacked directly, then attack something he holds dear. Know that he cannot be superior in all things. Somewhere there is a gap in the armour, a weakness that can be attacked instead. The idea here is to avoid a head-on battle with a strong enemy, and instead strike at his weakness elsewhere. This will force the strong enemy to retreat in order to support his weakness. Battling against the now tired and low-morale enemy will give a much higher chance of success.第三計 借刀殺人
killing someone with a borrowed knife敵已明，友示定，引友殺敵，不自出力，以《損》推演。
When you do not have the means to attack your enemy directly, then attack using the strength of another. Trick an ally into attacking him, bribe an official to turn traitor, or use the enemy's own strength against him.第四計 以逸待勞
waiting at one's ease for the exhausted enemy
It is an advantage to choose the time and place for battle. In this way you know when and where the battle will take place, while your enemy does not. Encourage your enemy to expend his energy in futile quests while you conserve your strength. When he is exhausted and confused, you attack with energy and purpose.第五計 趁火打劫
plundering a burning house
When a country is beset by internal conflicts, when disease and famine ravage the population, when corruption and crime are rampant, then it will be unable to deal with an outside threat. This is the time to attack.第六計 聲東擊西
making a feint to the east and attacking in the west
In any battle the element of surprise can provide an overwhelming advantage. Even when face to face with an enemy, surprise can still be employed by attacking where he least expects it. To do this you must create an expectation in the enemy's mind through the use of a feint.

Chapter 2: Enemy Dealing Stratagems
第二套 敵戰計

第七計 無中生有
creating something out of nothing
You use the same feint twice. Having reacted to the first and often the second feint as well, the enemy will be hesitant to react to a third feint. Therefore the third feint is the actual attack catching your enemy with his guard down.第八計 暗渡陳倉
advancing secretly by an unknown path
Deceive the enemy with an obvious approach that will take a very long time, while surprising him by taking a shortcut and sneak up to him. As the enemy concentrates on the decoy, he will miss you sneaking up to him.第九計 隔岸觀火
watching a fire from the other side of the river陽乖序亂，陰以待逆。暴戾恣睢，其勢自斃。順以動豫，豫順以動。Delay entering the field of battle until all the other players have become exhausted fighting amongst themselves. Then go in at full strength and pick up the pieces.

見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行識，亦復如是。舍利子，是諸法空相，不生不滅，不垢不淨，不增不減。是故空中無色，無受想行識，無眼耳鼻舌身意，無色聲香味觸法，無眼界，乃至無意識界，無無明，亦無無明盡，乃至無老死，亦無老死盡。無苦集滅道，無智亦無得。以無所得故。菩提薩埵，依般若波羅蜜多故，心無掛礙。無掛礙故，無有恐怖，遠離顛倒夢想，究竟涅盤。三世諸佛，依般若波羅蜜多故，得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提。故知般若波羅蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是無上咒，是無等等咒，能除一切苦，真實不虛。故說般若波羅蜜多咒，即說咒曰：揭諦揭諦，波羅揭諦，波羅僧揭諦，菩提薩婆訶。觀自在菩薩，行深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行識，亦復如是。舍利子，是諸法空相，不生不滅，垢不淨，不增不減。

第十計 笑裡藏刀
covering the dagger with a smile信而安之，陰以圖之。備而後動，勿使有變。剛中柔外也。
Charm and ingratiate yourself with your enemy. When you have gained his trust, move against him in secret.第十一計 李代桃僵
palming off substitute for the real thing
There are circumstances in which you must sacrifice short-term objectives in order to gain the long-term goal. This is the scapegoat strategy whereby someone else suffers the consequences so that the rest do not.第十二計 順手牽羊
picking up something in passing
While carrying out your plans be flexible enough to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, however small, and avail yourself of any profit, however slight.

Chapter 3: Attacking Stratagems
第三套：攻戰計

第十三計 打草驚蛇
beating the grass to frighten the snake
Do something unaimed, but spectacular ("hitting the grass") to provoke a response of the enemy ("startle the snake"), thereby giving away his plans or position, or just taunt him. 
Do something unusual, strange, and unexpected as this will arouse the enemy's suspicion and disrupt his thinking. 

More widely used as "[Do not] startle the snake by hitting the grass". An imprudent act will give your position or intentions away to the enemy.第十四計 借屍還魂
resurrecting a dead soul by borrowing a corpse有用者，不可借；不能用者，求借。借不能用者而用之。匪我求童蒙，童蒙求我。
Take an institution, a technology, a method, or even an ideology that has been forgotten or discarded and appropriate it for your own purpose. 
Revive something from the past by giving it a new purpose or bring to life old ideas, customs, or traditions and reinterpret them to fit your purposes.第十五計 調虎離山
luring the tiger out of his den
Never directly attack an opponent whose advantage is derived from its position. Instead lure him away from his position thus separating him from his source of strength.第十六計 欲擒故縱
letting the enemy off in order to catch him逼則反兵，走則減勢。緊隨勿迫，累其氣力，消其鬥志，散而後擒，兵不血刃。需，有孚，光。

Cornered prey will often mount a final desperate attack. To prevent this you let the enemy believe he still has a chance for freedom. 
His will to fight is thus dampened by his desire to escape. When in the end the freedom is proven a falsehood the enemy's morale will be defeated and he will surrender without a fight.第十七計 拋磚引玉
giving the enemy something to induce him to lose more valuable thingsBait someone by making him believe he gains something or just make him react to it ("toss out a brick") and obtain something valuable from him in return ("get a jade gem").第十八計 擒賊擒王
capturing the ringleader first in order to capture all the followersIf the enemy's army is strong but is allied to the commander only by money, superstition or threats, then take aim at the leader. If the commander falls the rest of the army will disperse or come over to your side.

If, however, they are allied to the leader through loyalty then beware, the army can continue to fight on after his death out of vengeance.

Chapter 4: Chaos Stratagems
第四套：混戰計

第十九計 釜底抽薪
extracting the firewood from under the cauldron
Take out the leading argument or asset of someone; "steal someone's thunder". This is the very essence of indirect approach: instead of attacking enemy's fighting forces, the attacks are directed against his ability to wage war.第二十計 混水摸魚
muddling the water to catch the fish; fishing in troubled waters
Create confusion and use this confusion to further your own goals.第二十一計 金蟬脫殼
slipping away by casting off a cloak; getting away like the cicada sloughing its skinMask yourself. Either leave one's distinctive traits behind, thus becoming inconspicuous, or masquerade as something or someone else. 
This strategy is mainly used to escape from enemy of superior strength.第二十二計 關門捉賊
catching the thief by closing / blocking his escape routeTo capture your enemy, or more generally in fighting wars, to deliver the final blow to your enemy, you must plan prudently if you want to succeed. Do not rush into action. Before you "move in for the kill", first cut off your enemy's escape routes, and cut off any routes through which outside help can reach them.第二十三計 遠交近攻
befriending the distant enemy while attacking a nearby enemy
It is known that nations that border each other become enemies while nations separated by distance and obstacles make better allies. 
When you are the strongest in one field, your greatest threat is from the second strongest in your field, not the strongest from another field.第二十四計 假途伐虢
attacking the enemy by passing through a common neighbor
Borrow the resources of an ally to attack a common enemy. Once the enemy is defeated, use those resources to turn on the ally that lent you them in the first place.

Chapter 5: Proximate Stratagems
第五套：並戰計

第二十五計 偷梁換柱
stealing the beams and pillars and replacing them with rotten timbers頻更其陣，抽其勁旅，待其自敗，而後乘之。曳其輪也。

Disrupt the enemy's formations, interfere with their methods of operations, change the rules in which they are used to following, go contrary to their standard training.
In this way you remove the supporting pillar, the common link that makes a group of men an effective fighting force.第二十六計 指桑罵槐
reviling/abusing the locust tree while pointing to the mulberry
To discipline, control, or warn others whose status or position excludes them from direct confrontation; use analogy and innuendo. Without directly naming names, those accused cannot retaliate without revealing their complicity.第二十七計 假痴不癲
feigning madness without becoming insane寧偽作不知不為，不偽作假知妄為。靜不露機，雲雷屯也。

Hide behind the mask of a fool, a drunk, or a madman to create confusion about your intentions and motivations. Lure your opponent into underestimating your ability until, overconfident, he drops his guard. Then you may attack.第二十八計 上屋抽梯
removing the ladder after the enemy has climbed up the roof假之以便，唆之使前，斷其援應，陷之死地。遇毒，位不當也。

With baits and deceptions, lure your enemy into treacherous terrain. Then cut off his lines of communication and avenue of escape. To save himself, he must fight both your own forces and the elements of nature.第二十九計 樹上開花
putting artificial flowers on trees
Tying silk blossoms on a dead tree gives the illusion that the tree is healthy. Through the use of artifice and disguise, make something of no value appear valuable; of no threat appear dangerous; of no use appear useful.第三十計 反客為主
turning from the guest into the host
Usurp leadership in a situation where you are normally subordinate. Infiltrate your target. Initially, pretend to be a guest to be accepted, but develop from inside and become the owner later.

Chapter 6: Desperate Stratagems
第六套：敗戰計

第三十一計 美人計
using seductive women to corrupt the enemy兵強者，攻其將；將智者，伐其情。將弱兵頹，其勢自萎。利用禦寇，順相保也。

Send your enemy beautiful women to cause discord within his camp. This strategy can work on three levels.First, the ruler becomes so enamoured with the beauty that he neglects his duties and allows his vigilance to wane. 

Second, other males at court will begin to display aggressive behaviour that inflames minor differences hindering co-operation and destroying morale. 

Third, other females at court, motivated by jealousy and envy, begin to plot intrigues further exacerbating the situation.第三十二計 空城計
presenting a bold front to conceal unpreparedness
When the enemy is superior in numbers and your situation is such that you expect to be overrun at any moment, then drop all pretense of military preparedness, act calmly and taunt the enemy, so that the enemy will think you have a huge ambush hidden for them. 
It works best by acting calm and at ease when your enemy expects you to be tense. 第三十三計 反間計
sowing discord among the enemy
Undermine your enemy's ability to fight by secretly causing discord between him and his friends, allies, advisors, family, commanders, soldiers, and population. While he is preoccupied settling internal disputes, his ability to attack or defend is compromised.第三十四計 苦肉計
deceiving the enemy by torturing one's own man人不自害，受害必真。假真真假，間以得行。童蒙之吉，順以巽也。
Pretending to be injured has two possible applications. In the first, the enemy is lulled into relaxing his guard since he no longer considers you to be an immediate threat. 
The second is a way of ingratiating yourself to your enemy by pretending the injury was caused by a mutual enemy.第三十五計 連環計
coordinating one stratagem with another將多兵眾，不可以敵，使其自累，以殺其勢。在師中吉，承天寵也。
In important matters, one should use several stratagems applied simultaneously after another as in a chain of stratagems. Keep different plans operating in an overall scheme; however, in this manner if any one strategy fails, then the chain breaks and the whole scheme fails.decamping being the best; running away as the best choice
If it becomes obvious that your current course of action will lead to defeat, then retreat and regroup. When your side is losing, there are only three choices remaining: surrender, compromise, or escape. Surrender is complete defeat, compromise is half defeat, but escape is not defeat. 

As long as you are not defeated, you still have a chance.This is the most famous of the stratagems, immortalized in the form of a Chinese idiom: "Of the Thirty-Six Stratagems, fleeing is best".

見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行識，亦復如是。舍利子，是諸法空相，不生不滅，不垢不淨，不增不減。是故空中無色，無受想行識，無眼耳鼻舌身意，無色聲香味觸法，無眼界，乃至無意識界，無無明，亦無無明盡，乃至無老死，亦無老死盡。無苦集滅道，無智亦無得。以無所得故。菩提薩埵，依般若波羅蜜多故，心無掛礙。無掛礙故，無有恐怖，遠離顛倒夢想，究竟涅盤。三世諸佛，依般若波羅蜜多故，得阿耨多羅三藐三菩提。故知般若波羅蜜多，是大神咒，是大明咒，是無上咒，是無等等咒，能除一切苦，真實不虛。故說般若波羅蜜多咒，即說咒曰：揭諦揭諦，波羅揭諦，波羅僧揭諦，菩提薩婆訶。觀自在菩薩，行深般若波羅蜜多時，照見五蘊皆空，度一切苦厄。舍利子，色不異空，空不異色，色即是空，空即是色，受想行識，亦復如是。舍利子，是諸法空相，不生不滅，不垢不淨，不增不減。

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