-ed分詞這個結構在英語表達中是常見的。它既可以是系表結構,又可以是被動語態
以稱之為靜動句的混合體。靜句是用來描寫事物的性質或狀態的。動句是用來描寫動作及動作過程。由於在表達形式上這兩種結構是一樣的,都由be +ed分詞構成,這樣就給區別系表結構和被動語態帶來了麻煩。現將幾種區別方法歸納如下:
一.從動詞的性質來區分
英語中的不及物動詞不用於被動語態。但是,不及物動詞的過去分詞可以和動詞be連用構成系表結構。在這個結構中,過去分詞只表示動作已經完成。強調事物的狀態。常見的這種形式不及物動詞有:gone,come, arrived,fallen,retired,startled,vexed,mistaken等。這些不及物動詞都具有描述性質。例如:
Her fever is gone,but she still feels weak.
I shall be vexed if you keep mentioning it.
The interviewer was quite mistaken about the incidents which happened in the campus.
注意:如果構成分詞的動詞是一個持續性動詞,不表示終極界限,不表示動作結果,而強調動作的持續性,在這種情況下謂語大多數是被動語態。例如:
All the books were carried to the library.
Several students were honoured for their excellent performance in the English contest.
二.從句子表達的內容來區分
被動語態表示動作,句子的主語是動作的承受者;系表結構中的過去分詞已基本上失去了動詞的意義,只起到一個形容詞的作用,在句子中作表語,說明主語的性質,或所具有的特徵或所處的狀態。例如:
The houses were beautifully decorated.(系表)
The houses were decorated and rented to those who were badly in need of shelters.(被動)
The book is not illustrated.(系表)
The book was illustrated by a famous artist.(被動)
注意:在現代英語中,有少數從古英語中遺留下來的只能用作形容詞的-ed分詞。這種分詞形容詞特性顯著,完全起到了形容詞作用。例如:
amused, broken,closed,confused, crowded,covered,done,delighted,frightened, bent, blessed,bound,drunk,lit,melted,rotten, shaved,shrunk,sunk,believed, burnt,excited, faded,married,interested,pleased,satisfied,surprised等。
三.從-ed分詞後所跟的介詞來區別
作形容詞用的-ed分詞在個別情況下,可以跟除by-phrase以外的其他介詞。如: about,at,in,on,with,over,to等。例如:
I’m interested in my own hobbies,such as collecting stamps,raising birds and fishing.(系表)
I was interested by what you showed me.(被動)
The people present at the meeting were annoyed with the tedious speech.(系表)
The people who wanted to attend the meeting were surprised by the announcement of the adjournment without day.(被動)