短文改錯題目前仍是全國卷高考英語試題的必考題之一。此題型並非難題,但得分率不高。下面讓我們來認識一下「短文改錯」的六個特點:
1. 一般都是內容較為淺顯的記敘文;
2. 一般每行8-12詞,共計120詞左右;
3. 多數情況下,正確項1處;多詞、少詞項2-3處;錯詞項6-7處;
4. 短文改錯題中的錯誤分為語法錯誤和邏輯錯誤兩種;
5. 短文改錯題的錯誤大都出現在句子表層,並不難發現。涉及段落上下文的,較難的錯誤多保持在3處以內,較難的一般是行文邏輯方面的錯誤;
6. 1999年之前的高考短文改錯題中的句子相對比較簡單,多為簡單句或並列句。2000年之後短文改錯題中的句子相對比較複雜,較長的複合句相對較多。
筆者歸納總結出對付「短文改錯」題的九個有效手段,以幫助同學們逐步培養起判斷、發現、糾正語篇中語言錯誤的能力。
I. 發現有平行結構時,要檢查是否有詞性錯誤(指應該用動詞、名詞還是形容詞,以及平行結構中的詞的正確形式等)。例如:
1. The doctor suggested plenty of food, rest and exercising.
此句中並列的平行結構應該是三個語法結構上相同的名詞賓語,而exercising用了-ing形式,應當將其改為exercise。
2. He, like his parents, likes growing flowers and to watch growth of them.
此句中並列的平行結構應該是兩個語法結構上相同的賓語,所以應當把to watch改為 watching。
II. 發現有比較結構時,要檢查是否有形容詞、副詞的級,程度副詞,比較的對象以及冠詞方面的錯誤。例如:
1. People in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.
該句中比較級形式重複,應去掉more。
2. There are more trees in villages than cities.
該句中比較對象應當是「in villages」與「in cities」, 所以應當在cities前面加上in。
3. In some places you can borrow many books as you want. (NMET 1994)
根據上下文不難發現,該句是含有「as... as」比較結構的句子,所以應當在many前加上as。
III. 發現有轉折、因果、對比等結構時,要檢查是否有行文邏輯方面的錯誤。 例如:
1. His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world.
按行文邏輯應當把buys改為sells才對。
2. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn’t seem to work. (NMET 2004 I)
這裡是轉折而不是因果關係,所以應當把since改為but。
IV. 有多重結構句時,要檢查是否有時態、語態、引導詞或成分短缺錯誤。例如:
1. Tom asks Mary if she knows the man is speaking to her.
該句犯了多詞或少詞的錯誤,應當在is前加上who或者去掉is。
2. He lives in Beijing, where is the capital of China.
在這個非限制性定語從句中,引導詞作主語,所以應當把where改為which。
3. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, (NMET 2004 I)
整篇短文談的是現在的事,所以應當把talked改為talk。
V. 有名詞、代詞時,要檢查是否有數、格或指代不一致的錯誤。例如:
1. Different people speak different language.
應當把language改為languages。
2. Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports.
這裡顯然是一個指代不一致的錯誤,應當去掉the。
3. What a lovely weather we are having today!
weather為不可數名詞,應去掉a。
VI. 發現並列主語,從句、不定代詞、集合名詞、非謂語動詞、時間、金錢等作主語,together with等引導的成分修飾主語時,要檢查是否有主謂不一致的錯誤。例如:
1. Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.
not only與but also後成分的結構應一致,故give應改為gives。
2. She as well as her brothers are fond of studying English.
are應當改為is。「單數名詞+with(together with, as well as, but等)+其它名詞」作主語時,其謂語應當用單數。
3. About $2,000 have been spent in buying new dress for his beautiful wife this year.
have應改為has。「About $2,000」作為一筆錢,被視為一個整體,謂語必須用單數。
VII. 有固定短語、詞組時,要檢查副詞、介詞、冠詞是否使用錯誤。例如:
1. Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.
catch sight of 「看見」,所以要去掉a。
2. When he came back, he found someone had broken in his house.
break into 「破門而入」,所以要把in改為into。
3. Can you tell me about what I should do? (NMET 2004 I)
tell後可以加雙賓語,所以應當把about去掉。
4. I’m sure they will laugh to me...(NMET 2004 I)
laugh at sb. 「嘲笑某人」,所以應當把to改為at。
VIII. 發現有特殊動詞結構時,要檢查是否有非謂語動詞或虛擬語氣方面的錯誤。例如:
1. Don’t forget taking your umbrella when you leave here.
forget, remember, regret等後跟-ing形式表示「已經做過某事」;跟動詞不定式的一般式表示「要做某事」。根據句意,應當把taking改為to take。
2. I suggested to go there with him after class.
suggest, advise, finish, mind, enjoy, require, practice, consider, miss, avoid, admit, delay, imagine, risk, keep, escape, resist等動詞後要跟-ing形式作賓語。所以要把to go改為going。
3. He ordered that the work must be started at once.
order, demand, require, request, insist, propose, advise, suggest等動詞後跟賓語從句時,賓語從句中的謂語要用「動詞原形」或「should+動詞原形」。所以要把must改為should或者把must去掉。
IX.發現有非謂語動詞作狀語、表語或定語時,要檢查是否有非謂語動詞和邏輯主語不一致的錯誤。例如:
The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it.
該句型中不定式to carry邏輯上的賓語就是句子的主語,所以句中的it是多餘的。