概念：在句子中充當除謂語以外的各種形式的動詞，都屬於非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞與謂語動詞是相對的概念。
理解：英語可以從實際應用角度去理解。英語中最常見的兩大句子結構為：主謂賓（表示做了什麼事）與主系表（交代什麼是什麼樣子的）。這兩種句式結構基本能夠滿足日常生活中的溝通需要。 本節課主要分析非謂語動詞做主賓表的用法，此時的非謂語動詞作用相當於一個名詞，做題思路大部分為固定搭配，所以記憶工作比較多，所以需要課下的及時複習和鞏固。
在實際的生活中，任何動作的發生都有其時間狀態、主被動狀態與邏輯主句。 比如「吃」這個動作，如果沒有具體的語境，可以是過去吃飯、現在吃飯、吃完飯、將來吃飯等各種時間狀態；也可能是主動吃、被吃；可能是小明吃、小紅吃。所以在單純的doing動名詞和to do不定式滿足不了各種實際的表達，所以要結合各種時態、語態得出變形形式表達更準確的時間動作。
eg. Being punished by teacher is horrible.
Having gotten a good preparation for exam is a guarantee of good grade.
Having been hurt results in his failure in the follow-up test.
His being rejected by the company made his father sad.
注意：a. 如果動名詞的符合結構不是謂語句首，可以使用邏輯主語的普通格或者賓格。eg. l don't mind Jhon visiting my home. l am grateful for her helping me.
b. 若邏輯主語是無生命名詞或者不定代詞，只能用普通格。l am really annoyed at someone calling me at midnight.
he is shocked at the building breaking down.
to do的形式變化和doing和形式變化類似，都是形式的合二為一，內容合二為一。pretend to have done 假裝正在做某事pretend to be done 假裝被pretend to have been done 假裝已經被....eg. He pretended to be reading a book when the teacher came.
He pretend to have finished the job, but he haven't started that actually.
eg. He is believed to have reached America.
He is said to be admitted by a key university.
補充：在我們英語中常見的可以做主語的成分有：名詞、代詞、doing動名詞、to do不定式和從句。理解：我們可以從實際的溝通交流角度去理解，如果單個的詞能夠表達清楚想說的意思就用單個的名詞、代詞；如果需要動作做主語就用doing動名詞、to do不定式；如果此時還是不能滿足句意的需要就只能用從句，這個最複雜的結構去表達。非謂語動詞在主句中做主語時，常見的形式主要有to do和doing兩種形式，僅僅表示動作。 eg. Going swimming is interesting.
To play the violin is a hard thing for amateur.一般情況下，to do不定式和doing動詞在做主語時是可以互換的，但是在如下情況時需要特殊注意：
1.當主語強調經常性、習慣性的動作時，此時主語要用doing。
當主語強調具體的、一次性動作時，此時主要要用to do。eg. Going to swimming is my hobby, but going to play basketball is what l want today.
2. 在主系表結構中，當表語時是no use、no good、useless、worth、a waste of time，時主語要用doing動名詞的形式；其他的表語用to do It is no good/ no use/ useless/ a waste of time to talk with him.
It is well worth make friends with them. It is easy for him to answer that question. There is no joking about that thing. There is no saying that he is a chinese.
當to do不定式或者doing動名詞做句子主語時，句子頭大尾小不美觀，同時也不利於口語表達，我們經常用it做形式的主語，真正的主語後置。
It + be + adj +for/of + sb + to do sth 某人做某事是....樣的It is hard for him to finish that job on his own.
It is stupid of you to take a taxi when the distance is so short.
3. 當adj修飾to do時我們要用介詞for；當adj修飾sb時，我們要用介詞of。
注意：當我們的的表語是no use、no good、useless、worth、a waste of time時，主語要用doing。
eg. l find it a waste of time spending time doing such a trash.
我發現做這種垃圾事情真的是浪費時間。
l feel it no good learning some unimportant tips。
我感覺學一些不重要的知識點是沒有好處的。
介詞後面跟：名詞、代詞、doing動名詞、從句做賓語。此時句子後面不能跟todo。eg. it is rude to go into others' room without asking.
On by working hard can you succeed.
三個希望兩答應：hope，wish，want，agree，promise兩個要求莫拒絕：demand，ask，refuse設法學會做決定：manage，learn，decide希望想學就同意(hope/wish；would like/want；learn；agree)需要決定就選擇to do(need；decide（決定）；choose（選擇）)開始喜愛又討厭(begin/start；like/prefer/love；hate)忘記又記住停止又繼續嘗試(forget；remember；stop；go on；try)to do; doing意不同 命令、警告邀人教(order；warn（警告）；ask/tell/invite請/叫/邀請；teach sb. to do)①consider 考慮 suggest建議/advocate提倡主張 look forward to盼望 forgive原諒/pardon原諒②acknowledge承認/admit 承認 postpone延遲延期/delay延遲/defer拖延 recall回想/fancy幻想愛好③avoid 避免 miss錯過 keep保持 practice練習實踐④deny否認 complete完成/finish完成 cease 停止/quit放棄停止 appreciate 感激欣賞⑤forbid禁止/prevent阻止 imagine設想 risk冒險⑥can't help不禁 mind 介意 escape逃跑逃避3.當強調經常性、習慣性的動作時，此時主語要用doing。
當強調具體的、一次性動作時，此時主要要用to do。（此時的謂語動詞一般都是like、love、hate等表示喜好的動詞）l like swimming,but l like to play basketball today.4. 有些動詞後面即可以跟to do也可以跟doing，但是表示的含義不同：forget to do忘記去做 forget doing忘記做過remember to do記住去做 remenber doing記得bai做du過zhiregret to do遺憾的做 regret doing懊悔dao作了used to do過去常常 be used to習慣於幹try to do努力去做 try doing試試去做mean to do打算做某事 mean doing意味著做某事stop to do停下去做（目的狀語） stop doing停止做go on to do接著做 另一件事 go on doing繼續做5. 有些帶to的短語後面只能跟doing，此時的to是介詞：1. be adjusted to doing sth=be applied to doing sth./be adapted to/適應做某事2. see to doing sth 負責做某事3. stick to doing sth堅持做某事4. get down to doing sth著手做某事5. be/get/becom used to doing sth 習慣於做某事6. be addicted to doing sth沉溺於做某事;對做某事…上癮7. be opposed to doing sth=object to doing sth 反對做某事8. devote oneself to doing sth獻身於做某事;專心於做某事=be devoted to doing10. look forward to doing sth盼望做某事11. pay attention to doing sth 注意做某事14. contribute to對…作貢獻;有助於=make contributions to對…作貢獻17. set an example to 給…樹立榜樣另外，有些名詞之後也需要用to表示「...的」例如：
當to do不定式或者doing動名詞做句子賓語，且後面還有賓語補足語時，此時句子構成主謂賓賓補的句式結構，句子中間大頭尾小不美觀，同時也不利於口語表達，我們經常用it做形式的賓語，真正的賓語後置。
常見的動詞有：find、feel、make、consider、appreciate、think、believe。
常見的動詞詞組有：make it a rule、take it for granted、depend on it、see to it（留心、照顧，確保、保證） ..
eg ：l find it difficult to communicate with him。
我發現和他溝通是真的難。
l would appreciate it if you could do me a favor.
如果你能幫助我的話我將不勝感激。
l made it clear to finish that work on time.
我表明我是不會去那裡的。
注意：當我們的賓補如果是no use、no good、useless、worth、a waste of time時，賓語要用doing。
eg. l find it a waste of time spending time doing such a trash.
我發現做這種垃圾事情真的是浪費時間。
l feel it no good learning some unimportant tips。
我感覺學一些不重要的知識點是沒有好處的。
to do和doing在做表語時，和主語的用法是一樣的。因為主系表結構可以理解為主語是表語，重複內容不再贅述。當表示一般的動作概念時，to do和doing做表語時可以互換。但是表示具體的、或者帶有將來含義的動作時，一般用to do，此時的主語一般都是way，time，reason，chance，opportunity，need，wish，effort，right，ambition，dream，attempt，goal等抽象名詞。My dream is to be a teacher.My goal is to be the first place.1. to do在做賓補是一般都是固定搭配，此時我們只需要記一些固定用法：希望想讓別人做（wish；want/would like；get（使得，答應）/allow（允許）sb.to do） 五看三使役，(see/look/watch/notice/observe（觀察）；make/let/have（使得，讓）) 二聽一感半幫助，(hear/listen to；feel；(to)help) （即「一感」「二聽」「三讓」「四看」口訣） 主動to字要離去，被動to字要回府。常見的動詞有：ask，tell，order，force，invite，beg，get，allow，permit，forbid，wish，want，encourage，advise，warn，persuade，intend，這些動詞後面跟sb to do sth。The father made him stand till night.
He was made to stand till night by his father.
l see Zhao Benshan put an elephant into the fridge。l see Zhao Benshan putting an elephant into the fridge at that moment。我在那一瞬間看見趙本山正在把一個大象放到了冰箱裡 。Zhao Benshan was seen to put an elephant into the fridge。2.動詞allow, advise, forbid, permit詞後面接sb做賓語時，用to do做賓補；若沒有sb，則後面跟doing，即：allow doing sth 允許幹某事allow sb to do 允許某人幹某事
sb be allowed to do sth 某人被允許幹某事Police don't allow staying here for too long.Police don't allow us to stay here for too long.We are not permitted to stay here for too long.3.在動詞need、require、want後面做賓語時，用doing的主動形式表被動，或者to be done 表被動。
The plant needs watering。
The plant needs to be watered.