點擊藍字 關注我們
跟新聞人物，學地道搭配。
大家好，歡迎閱讀第347期《聽聽TA怎麼說》（原《時事英語》）。
關於本欄目設計的初衷及如何在自我提升和教學中充分利用本欄目，請在後臺回復「怎麼說」了解詳情。
開始今天的學習吧！
We've spent the last couple decades trying to dig ourselves out of the mess of building our transportation systems around single occupancy vehicles. We don't want overnight for us to go backwards there.Caroline Samponaro, head of micromobility policy at Lyft
譯文：在過去的幾十年裡，我們一直在試圖把自己從以私家車為中心來建立交通系統的困境中解脫出來。我們不想在一夜之間倒退回去。引言翻譯將在下期提供，歡迎大家在留言區提供自己的翻譯，或者用本期介紹的兩個詞組造句。
【搭配】the last thing one want/need （to do）
意思：something that one certainly do not want, need to do
With household costs inevitably rising,
the last thing he wants is a larger mortgage than he can reasonably afford.
隨著家庭成本不可避免地上升，他
最不想要的就是超出他合理負擔能力的抵押貸款。Go home? That's
the last thing I want to do!
回家？
這是我最不願意做的事！
意思：used for showing that you really mean what you are saying
In all sincerity, I didn't mean to cause you any trouble.
說實在的，我並不想給你添麻煩。I may say
in all sincerity that you have been my most loyal friend.
我可以
極其真誠地說，你一直是我最忠實的朋友。Pretend you're pregnant.
假設你懷孕了。You're careful about every morsel you put into your mouth, exquisitely conscious about the potential impact on your growing baby's development.
你小心翼翼對待吃進嘴裡的每一口食物，非常清楚地意識到它對寶寶成長發育的潛在影響。But there is a catch: No matter how careful you may be, the food you eat and the beverages you drink likely contain one or more of some 10,000 chemicals allowed to be added to foods -- some of which are known endocrine (hormone) disruptors linked to developmental, cognitive and other health problems in babies and adults.
但是有一個問題：不管你多麼小心，你所吃的食物和你喝的飲料都可能包含10，000種食物添加劑中的一種或多種——其中一些是已知的與嬰兒和成年人的發育、認知和其他健康問題的有關，並能干擾其內分泌(荷爾蒙)。Yet the agency charged with protecting our food from unsafe chemicals -- the US Food and Drug Administration -- hasn't been doing the job Congress intended when it passed the 1958 Food Additives Amendment, according to a citizen's petition filed Wednesday and provided exclusively to CNN in advance.
然而，根據周三提交給CNN的一份公民請願書，負責保護我們的食品免受危險化學物質侵害的機構——美國食品和藥物管理局（FDA）——並沒有履行國會在通過1958年食品添加劑修正案時所打算做的工作。"The FDA never considers the overall effect of these 10,000 chemicals on people's health, which is what Congress was after," said Tom Neltner, the chemicals policy director for the Environmental Defense Fund, a key signatory of the petition.
「FDA從來沒有考慮過這10，000種化學品對人們健康的總體影響，而這正是國會曾經想做的，」環境保護基金的化學品政策主管湯姆·內爾特納說，他同時也是請願書的關鍵籤署人。The additive effect of low levels of different chemical exposures can impact a baby's IQ and therefore his or her ability to excel in school and contribute to society at large, said Trasande, who is director of environmental pediatrics at NYU Langone Health.
紐約大學朗格尼健康中心環境兒科學主任特拉森德說，少量接觸不同化學物質的累加效應會影響嬰兒的智商，從而影響他或她在學校表現以及對整個社會做出貢獻的能力。Any negative impact of food additives will be much worse for children of any age, said Dr. Margaret Cuomo, author of "A World Without Cancer," a book that explores environmental impacts on cancer risk.
《沒有癌症的世界》(A World Without Cancer)一書的作者瑪格麗特·科莫博士(Dr. Margaret Cuomo)說，食品添加劑的任何負面影響對任何年齡的兒童都將嚴重得多。這本書探討了環境對癌症風險的影響。It's the FDA's responsibility to step up and remove the responsibility of avoiding such dangers from consumers, said Dr. Aparna Bole, chair of the AAP's Council on Environmental Health, who worked on the petition.
美國兒科學會環境健康委員會主席、參與起草請願書的阿帕納·博爾博士說，FDA有責任站出來，免除消費者避免此類危險的責任。Neltner of the Environmental Defense Fund agreed. "We can't expect every person to become a chemist. We want the FDA and industry to do the job and to think about that core issue. That's why Congress gave the burden to FDA and industry, right?"
環境保護基金的內爾特納也同意這一觀點。「我們不能期望每個人都成為化學家。我們希望FDA和整個行業來做這項工作並思考這個核心問題。這就是為什麼國會把責任交給了FDA和食品工業，對吧?」Another part of the problem, according to the petition, is that the agency allows companies to use a loophole in the law called GRAS -- "Generally Recognized As Safe." Written into the original 1958 amendment, it was meant to save companies from FDA review if the new chemical or additive was known to be safe.
根據請願書，問題的另一部分是，環保局允許企業利用法律中的一個漏洞，即所謂的GRAS——「一般認為是安全的」。它被寫入1958年最初的修正案中，目的是為了讓那些已知新化學品或添加劑是安全的公司免於FDA的審查。An Environmental Defense Fund analysis of public records found that in the last 23 years, just under 900 GRAS proposals have been voluntarily submitted by companies, Neltner said. A closer review of those 900 of those found only one company had considered the cumulative effect of different chemicals on the body.
內爾特納說，環境保護基金對公共記錄的分析發現，在過去23年裡，這些公司主動提交的GRAS提案不到900份。對這900家公司的進一步調查發現，只有一家公司考慮了不同化學物質對人體的累積效應。Not only that, but the agency has even interpreted "that hole in the law to allow companies to make safety determinations in secret without ever telling the agency," Neltner added.
不僅如此，該機構甚至解釋「法律上的漏洞允許公司在沒有告知該機構的情況下秘密做出安全決定，」內爾特納補充道。The Environmental Defense Fund has taken the FDA to court over its interpretation of the GRAS rule, and is currently awaiting a decision by the court.
環境保護基金已經就FDA對GRAS規則的解釋將其告上法庭，目前正在等待法院的裁決。While the regulatory process churns on, the AAP suggests consumers do the following to lessen the risk of exposure to food additives.
監管程序還在繼續，美國兒科學會建議消費者採取以下措施以減少接觸食品添加劑的風險。Prioritize consumption of fresh or frozen fruits and vegetables when possible, and "try to use a variety of fruits and vegetables," Bole said. That's one way to minimize the risk in case one type of fruit or veggie is more exposed to food additives.
儘可能多吃新鮮或冷凍水果和蔬菜，「儘量多吃各種各樣的水果和蔬菜，」博爾說。如果一種水果或蔬菜更多地暴露在食品添加劑中，儘量多吃各種各樣的果蔬是降低風險的一種方法。Avoid processed meats, especially during pregnancy. Sodium nitrite and potassium nitrate are key ingredients in curing meat.
避免食用加工肉類，尤其是在懷孕期間。亞硝酸鈉和硝酸鉀是醃製肉類的主要原料。Never run plastics through the dishwasher as that can cause leaching, Bole said, and avoid microwaving food or drinks in plastic (including infant formula and pumped human milk). Use alternatives to plastic, such as glass or stainless steel, when possible.
絕不要用洗碗機清洗塑料，因為那樣會導致浸出，博爾說，並且避免用微波爐加熱裝在塑料品裡的食物或飲料（包括嬰兒配方奶粉和母乳）。儘可能使用塑料的替代品，如玻璃或不鏽鋼。"The executive branch and Congress must recognize the agency cannot carry out the kinds of advances this report has identified without ensuring that it has sufficient authority and resources to do so," said Cuomo, who is the sister of New York Governor Andrew Cuomo and CNN anchor Chris Cuomo.
科莫是紐約州州長安德魯·科莫和CNN主播克裡斯·科莫的妹妹。她說:「行政部門和國會必須認識到，如果不確保該機構擁有足夠的權力和資源，就不能執行這份報告所指出的那種進展。」"When you're a public servant in an agency like the FDA, the last thing you want to do is hurt people," Cuomo added. "And I mean that in all sincerity. We have to show a little respect for the people who dedicate their lives to this kind of work -- it's backbreaking."In the end, the process of considering this petition could take years, experts say.
專家說，最終考慮這一請願的過程可能需要數年時間。
來源：CNN
網址：
https://edition.cnn.com/2020/09/23/health/chemicals-in-food-fda-petition-wellness/index.html
GRAS
Generally Recognized as Safe
美國 FDA 評價食品添加劑的安全性指標（一般認為安全的）GRAS 是美國 FDA 評價食品添加劑的安全性指標:GRAS (GRAS 認證:一般認為安全的英文縮寫，全稱為Generally Recognized as Safe) 如:根據 FDA( 美國食藥局)，麵粉增白劑屬於一般公認的安全類添加劑 。為確保食品添加劑的絕對安全使用，世界各國對各種食品添加劑能否使用、適 用範圍和最大使用量，都有嚴格的規定，要受法規法律的制約。1958年，美國出臺了《食品添加劑修正案》。這個法案規定，任何食品添加劑都需要先經過FDA的安全認證才可以使用。接著，又列出了幾百種"例外"的物質。這些物質在功能上屬於食品添加劑，但是因為"安全性高"而不受這個法案的調控。列入這個名單的物質，要麼經過了"具有充分科學背景的專家"所做的安全審查，要麼是"經過長期的使用認為沒有安全性問題。"這些物質被稱作"一般認為安全"(generally recognized as safe)，簡稱GRAS。1997年，FDA提出了一個"GRAS備案制度"。在這個制度下，一種新食品成分的GRAS審查不再由FDA來進行，而是由申請者負責。當食品生產者要把一種新的食品成分用於食品中，並不需要經過FDA審查其安全性。申請者自己組織專家，根據已有的科學文獻和生產者自己的實驗結果，評估在所採用的生產流程、使用方式以及使用量下的安全性。如果評估結果符合GRAS要求，就向FDA備案。FDA不進行研究，只對申請材料是否可靠進行評估。如果沒有不同意見，就認可申請者的結論;如果認為材料不足以作出GRAS的結論，就以"證據不足"作為答覆。此外，還有一種情況，是申請者自己認為材料不充分而撤回申請。備案制度把審查評估的負擔轉到了申請者身上，從而大大減輕了FDA的負擔。FDA審查認證的流程在法案上依然存在，但是在1997年之後就沒有實際執行。之後的GRAS，都是"企業自我認可，FDA備案"的方式。在這一流程下，新食品GRAS資格從申請到FDA批覆的時間大大縮短，平均不到6個月。網址：https://baike.so.com/doc/6951084-7173485.html你怎麼看待目前在售的食品中，以 「無添加」「零添加」為宣傳賣點、吸引消費者的現象？本公眾號已開通留言功能，歡迎大家分享翻譯、造句或者討論想法哦~也歡迎大家加入「時事英語討論答疑群」和我們互動，後臺回復「討論群」（不包括引號）即可。Ivy，高校英語教師，坐標成都。「OP功能英語」學員，現書路學園助學師。學習感悟：一入OP深似海，書路無涯勤作舟！從一名教授傳統語法的英語教師轉變為致力於傳播OP課程的助學師，思維方式的轉變甚於語言本身，未來之路與書路為伴，人生一大幸事！
《OP功能英語教程》，三大特色，助您打通英語學習任督二脈。
提高英語能力遇上瓶頸？用OP，瓶頸輕鬆跨越，能力與日俱增。提高教學效果遭遇困難？用OP，學生耳目一新，成績突飛猛進。