在中國西北的黃土高坡,有一所8名孩子的學校。
學校所處甘肅定西市,素有「隴中苦瘠甲於天下」之稱,是中國最貧困地區之一。伴隨農村生育率降低、城鎮化和進城務工浪潮,鄉村學生急劇減少,農村學校規模也隨之縮減,形成許多「麻雀學校」。然而,對於留守大山的孩子們,村小是他們獲取知識,走出大山的唯一希望。
此次,CGTN外籍記者Liane走入這所黃土高原深處的小學,成為四名男孩的老師,在帶給他們知識與視野的同時,走入孩子的內心,體會他們成長過程中的笑與淚,體會學校和老師在他們生命中的意義。我們真實紀錄下這段經歷,形成這部20分鐘的微紀錄片,期待呈現出當代農村教育、留守兒童教育的一角。
站臺背後一座黃色山丘佇立,見證著小站上經年的啟程與歸途。這是來自葡萄牙的外國記者Liane第一次踏足中國西北。3個小時後,她將到達此行的目的地—— 距離縣城50公裡的薛川小學。薛川小學位於定西市寧遠鎮薛川村,是村中唯一的學校。學校鼎盛時期近600人,如今還剩8名學生。自1982年,中國約有2.8億農民離開農村前往城市打工,他們中的許多人攜帶孩子離開,造成鄉村學生急劇減少。為優化整合教學資源, 國家於90年代開始推行「撤點並校」政策, 2000到2010的十年間,村小減少了22.94萬所,學校規模也急劇減小,形成了許多像是薛川學校這樣的「麻雀學校」。薛川小學佔地13000平方米,操場5000多平方米, 8幢教學用的平房整齊的排列在校園裡,如今僅有2間教室在使用。碩大的學校顯得有些孤寂。長途跋涉後,迎接Liane的是三年級四名男孩童趣、熱誠的眼神。My mission was clear: teach four boys in the third grade in a small school in Xuechuan village, located in Dingxi City, Gansu Province. The naked landscape, like a winter desert, greeted us along with blue skies and arid terrain. On the roadside, the leftovers from the Summer's corn crops were still visible.I had geography and English to teach them, but more than that we wanted to give them a small glimpse of the world and encourage them to pursue their dreams. They welcomed me with open arms, curiosity, and this little twinkle in their eyes. 在略帶尷尬的地理課和趣味橫生的英語課之後,孩子們開始圍著初次見面的洋老師不放,追問各種問題,老師也開始慢慢對孩子們有了基本的了解。三年級四個孩子,三個是留守兒童。9歲的薛軒長得虎頭虎腦,歪著頭眼神中帶些狡黠。薛軒母親離家再婚,父親在陝西打工,跟著爺爺奶奶長大的他心裡認為是母親「摧毀」了這個家庭。「他會在夜裡偷偷哭,眼淚流滿了耳眶,」薛軒奶奶說。母親的離開和父親的缺席讓孩子充滿不安。面對老師的安慰,9歲的軒軒握緊拳頭,眉頭緊蹙:「你說我能高興麼?心裡很難過,她已經把我忘了。」談起母親,他這麼說。據復旦大學研究報告,中國有超過6900萬留守兒童,其中6100萬生活在農村。學者們發現,留守兒童在自我人格成長的關鍵期因缺乏父母的陪伴而顯現出較多心理問題。成長過程中的自我人格衝突難以排解讓他們更加敏感、自卑,一些兒童甚至表現出怨恨偏執傾向。北京大學國家發展研究院的經濟學者張丹丹研究過兒童留守經歷與成年後犯罪的關係,在其研究的犯罪案例中,他指出:「16歲之前有留守或單親背景的比例相比於普通的農民工要高出一倍多。」薛川學校的留守孩子也表現出敏感、脆弱的特徵,對於穩定和愛他們有更大的渴望。而學校老師,則成為替代缺位的父母陪伴他們左右的大樹。The four boys come mostly from low-income households and two of them from broken families, a common feature in rural areas. The mothers left because of poverty, and the boys were left behind with the grandparents on the father's side.
In Xuan Xuan and Sun Kai Hang's case, the fathers are migrant workers. These children are a tiny drop in a universe of around 69.7 million left-behind children (LBC) in China, according to a study from Fudan University. Around 61 million live in villages with at least one migrant parent; another 8.7 million are urban LBC. "Parental migration has potentially long-lasting adverse effects on children," noted researchers Lian Tong and Qiong Yan, adding that the psychosocial well-being and development of LBC is threatened by the absence of parental affection, support, and supervision. In Xuan Xuan’s face and behavior, his grief was clear. In school, he gets frustrated and even though he studies hard, the grades are not good. He showed no hope of seeing his mother again. In his eyes, she destroyed the family. The grandparents said he used to cry every night. When I took Sun Kai Hang home, he confessed to remembering little of his mother, only her black hair. She left six years ago, but as consequence the father-son relationship is very close.
在每一個團圓之後的初春,父母可能背上行囊離開,但村小的老師卻會準時升起教室的爐火,每一個清晨的守候都是一個承諾。薛川學校的校長丁福榮已在校教書30多個年頭,現在正帶著班裡的科學課。「我們這裡的老師都是身兼數職,是多面手。」丁校長不無驕傲地說。談到憂慮,他說到農村教學資源匱乏和教師結構不合理等問題。「雖然我們現在有6名老師,但隨著農村教師進城的大趨勢,最後留在學校的可能就是我和另外一位50多歲的老教師,」他坦言。做了20多年的民辦教師,丁福榮轉正之前一直拿著幾百塊的工資。「從最初的47.5慢慢漲到900,再到現在的3000塊,鄉村老師的待遇越來越好,」他不無感慨地說。教育是農村孩子們走出大山的唯一渠道,老師們深知身上的責任,國家也在不斷加大重視程度。2006年起, 政府開始實施針對中西部地區農村教育的「特崗教師」政策,吸引優秀畢業生前往偏遠農村教學。通過公開招聘高校畢業生到農村學校任教,緩解村小師資總量不足和結構不合理等問題。「從長遠來說,村小的消失可能是必然的,」丁福榮說。「不過我們不走,只要有學生,我們就一直堅持在這裡。我不希望我家鄉的孩子因為沒有學校而失學。」On its glory days, the school harbored 600 students, now only eight. School director Ding Furong, who works there for 34 years, remembers those days with affection. He admits it's hard to attract young teachers to the village. Teachers live a very isolated life as they live on the school grounds during the week and only on weekends visit family and friends.The classes are small, so relationships are closer and it seems easier to pinpoint problems in terms of learning and at home. The teachers can be a crucial support system for the children. The school means security and hope. The teachers have some of the tools and the experience to show these children what the world is, and most importantly, what they can be and achieve.
伴隨農村人口遷移,學生生源減少,致力於優化配置教學資源的「撤點並校」政策已推行近30年。政策在為偏遠地區孩子提供更好的設施和教師資源的同時,也展現出不少問題。偏遠地區孩子去往中心小學翻山越嶺,校車安全隱患和低年級學生寄宿等難題一度引發討論。同時,對於沒有能力離開鄉村的貧困和留守兒童,輟學成為他們面臨的最大風險。對於這些孩子,村小意義重大。據甘肅省辦公廳披露,截止2018年底,全省共有少於100名學生的農村小規模學校7481所,其中包括10人以下的超小規模學校。它們是農村教育的「神經末梢」,有最敏感和弱勢的群體,也是農村教育最柔軟的一片領域。只有當教育在這最敏感的一片區域紮實落地,孩子們的未來才有保障。「在這裡,學校代表的已不僅僅是一排排樓房,一此次晨鈴,它包含了方方面面的努力——傳授知識,給予安全與愛,架起農村孩子通往外界的橋梁和希望。」Liane 在教書三天後感慨——學校是村小孩子改變命運的起點。The big test was the geography class. I had spent quite an amount of time preparing and, in the end it was too much material and too fast. Having no teaching background and only a rusty stumbling Chinese, resulted in a bit of a failure. Before the morning's English class, I went with teacher Yu to start the fires in the coal burners. This class was better, simple and active enough they wouldn't get bored. Upon leaving, I thanked them for sharing a little piece of their lives and for bringing innocence back into mine. I hope they don't give up on their objectives and might even dream a little bit. Like the Portuguese poet Fernando Pessoa wrote "All is worthwhile. When the spirit is not small." 德國哲學家雅斯貝爾斯曾說:「教育就像一棵樹搖動另一棵樹,用一朵雲去觸碰另一朵雲,用一個靈魂喚醒另一個靈魂」。也只有教育才能從根源上改變貧困,改變一個人的命運。
「What color is this? 這是什麼顏色?」在薛川小學,剛分配過來的24歲的英語老師餘晶打開多媒體教學課件, 指著一個紅色的書包圖片開始給三年級的學生上課。課件屏幕上有她從網上下載的英語朗讀材料和一些國外動畫片音頻。作為剛招進學校的「特崗」教師,24歲的她笑靨如花,給這座凜冽黃土高坡上的小學帶來一絲朝氣和希望。「村小的存在給這個衰落的村莊也注入了活力,只要學校還在,一切就有希望,」在一旁聽課的Liane說。
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