如何提高表達能力，寫作能力，我們今天不來談邏輯，語法，我們從最基礎的用詞精準度來進行探討。
很多話從口裡說出來和筆頭上寫出來會呈現不一樣的表達方式。要讓自己的表達更正式，專業，高雅，或者能在FCE以上的學術型英語考試中寫作拿到不錯的分數，會使用學術語言是一項很實用的能力。
不知道第一期中留的作業小夥伴消化完成了麼？可到文末查看上一期作業的解析。
在今天的第二期學習中，
我們一起來學幾個重要的學術名詞。
在上一期分享中，我們通過一小段文章演示了如何在閱讀中積累學習英語。高階英語學習階段，每天最好拿出一小段有質量的學術英語來進行精細化的分析和消化。今天同樣也給大家帶來一段小文章。
但這段文章並不完美，需要我們一起來給它改錯。
我們可以通過這樣的改錯練習，來加深一些學術表達的印象。錯誤主要集中在下文紅色區域內，大家可以先試著自己改，然後再看後面解析。
Recent researches that were carried out for a report by a government agency showed that local police can play an important role in crime prevention. The report makes a strong case of boosting the numbers of community police offi cers although it warns against increasing police presence on the streets to an alarming degree. Its methodological was based on a range of interviews asking members of the public for their views in how best to prevent crime. Unfortunately, how to implement this recommendation was out of the scope of the study but at least it serves a useful purpose in raising awareness to the issue.錯誤一：researches that were carried out
research ，它是不可數的，所以不能加es。如果一定要表達很多的研究，可以說」research studies「或者「pieces of research」.
另外我們要注意記憶這些重要名詞後跟的介詞，不要用錯。通常research後面跟「on"或"into"，不能跟"of"。例如do research on/into memory loss.
正確的應改為：research that were carried out
錯誤二：a strong case of boosting
case 的學術用法通常代表理由，論據, arguments and facts in support of or against something.
在這種情況下，case後面跟for，而不能跟of。例如the case for change.
正確的應改為：a strong case for boosting
錯誤三：its methodological
methodology ：學習方法set of methods used when studying something.名詞。
而methodological 是形式詞，顯然不能跟在its後面，its後面要跟名詞
正確的應改為：its methodology
錯誤四：their views in how best to prevent crime
views ：見解看法a personal opinion about sth，
在某方面的見解view後面通常跟on，而不用in。例如：citizens views on healthcare systems...
正確的應改為：their views on how best to prevent crime
錯誤五：out of the scope of the study
scope : 在學術上表示主題範圍range of a subject covered by a book, discussion, class, etc.
超出範圍要用beyond the scope，例如：The political motives for the government’s actions are beyond the scope of this essay.
正確的應改為：beyond the scope of the study
錯誤六：raising awareness to the issue
awareness ：意識，認識。understanding based on experience or information.對什麼的認識，通常為awareness of sth.而不用to.
正確的應改為：raising awareness of the issue
通過上面的改錯練習，我們對比較常用的一些學術名詞的用法有了更深的了解。記憶和使用時一定要注意他們各自搭配的介詞。將其形成一個詞組來組合記憶。
這裡列舉了一些其它有關思想，觀點，活動等常用的學術名詞，其中很多詞相信大家都很熟悉他們的一般用法了，在這裡我們要會使用他的學術用法。另外要注意他和其他近義詞之間的區別，以及配合他使用的介詞等固定搭配，會更精確的使用：
subject
含義：討論思考或研究的話題/thing which is being discussed, considered or studied
例句：She wrote an article on the subject of class.
theme
含義：談話或書籍的主題/main subject of a talk, book, etc.
例句：The theme of the poem is emigration.
topic
含義：文章題目/specific subjects that someone discusses or writes about
例句：The students were given a list of essay topics.
issue
含義：重要的問題/important subject or problem
例句：There was a lively debate on the issue of globalisation.
theory
含義：理論/statement of the rules on which a subject of study is based or, more generally, an opinion or explanation
例句：Political theory is a popular undergraduate subject.
Einstein’s theory of gravitation has been questioned recently.
model
含義：模型/description of a system or process which explains how it works
例句：The model of climate change presented in the Stern Review seems to be becoming a reality.
Nature
含義：本質/basic character of something
例句：The book is called 『The Nature of Intelligence』.
principle
含義：原理/basic idea or rule that explains how something happens or works
例句：Human behaviour is based on the principle of least eff ort.
aspect
含義：方面/one individual part of a situation, problem, subject, etc.
例句：Repetition is an important aspect of speech development in children.
feature
含義：特徵/a typical quality that something has
例句：Automatic backup is a feature of the new soft ware.
pattern
含義：模式/a regularly repeated arrangement
例句：The study revealed a pattern of results.
number
含義：數量/amount or level
例句：During 2005, the number of violent attacks increased to an alarming degree.
significance
含義：意義/the importance of sth, especially when this has an effect on what happens in the future.
例句：The new drug has great significance for the treatment of the disease.
identification
含義：鑑定/ability to establish the identity of something
例句：The identification of the crash victims was a long and difficult task.
assessment
含義：評估/judgement of the amount, quality or importance of something
例句：There is little assessment of the damage to the natural environment.
approach
含義：方式/ way of considering something
例句：We need to take a different approach to the problem.
perspective
含義：視角/particular ways of considering something
例句：This gives us an unique perspective on what machines can do.
A，選擇括號中合適的名詞將句子補充完整。練習同義詞的辨析。
Environmental ( topics / issues / principles) should be at the top of today’s political agenda.
In the exam students had to choose three from a choice of ten essay (subjects / theories / topics).
There are still people who are reluctant to accept Darwin’s (nature / topic / theory) of evolution.
The professor decided to take moral courage as the (issue / theme / model) for his inaugural lecture.
Economists used a (model / principle / topic) of human behaviour to help them forecast likely inflation trends.
The Peter( Issue / Principle / Theme) states that members of a hierarchical group will usually end up being promoted to the point at which they become incompetent.
B，將句子的開頭（1-8）和句子的結尾(a-h)匹配起來
The study revealed a regular
The research focuses on one particular
The writer makes a powerful
The writers take an original
Until recently there was little
I think you should broaden the
To date, there has been little research
There are many important
scope of your research.
awareness of the problem.
issues facing the world today.
into the environmental eff ects of nanoparticles.
approach to their theme.
aspect of modern society.
pattern of changes in temperature.
case for restructuring parliament.
C，為了讓書名更有學術性，用表格中的詞改寫書名。
What democracy is really like
The___of Democracy
Why dreams are important
The___of Dreams
What do we see in glaciated landscapes?
The___of Glaciated Landscapes
How to evaluate language skills
The___of Language Skills
Ways in which human behaviour repeats itself
___of Human Behaviour
How to recognise diff erent species of bees
The___of Bees
Thinking about taxation from diff erent angle
___on Modern Taxation
How to make sure that a business is successful
The___of Successful Business
以上答案下一篇公號公布
一起學「學術英語」1答案解析：
A：詞彙的日常用法和學術用法
A-1：pose
第一句中的pose是拍照時擺姿式的意思，
第二句的pose更學術一些，代表造成，引起，產生的意思。pose a threat / challenge / danger / risk 構成威脅╱挑戰╱危險╱風險
A-2：focus
第一句中的focus是焦距的意思。out of focus對焦不準造成糊糊不清；
第二句的focus更學術一些，代表「關注的焦點」的意思。
A-3：confirm
第一句中的confirm是確認的意思
第二句的confirm代表「證實」的意思
A-4：generate
第一句中的generate是電力意思，
第二句的generate是「引起」的意思。generate a great deal of debate引發了巨大的爭論
A-5：identify
第一句中的identify是確定，識別的意思
第二句的identify和with相連用，代表與...一致，be closely identify with..與...密切相關
A-6：turn
第一句中的turn是方向的轉向
第二句的turn是注意力的轉向
A-7：underline
第一句中的underline是下劃線的意思，
第二句的underline是強調的意思
A-8：solid
第一句中的solid是固體的意思，
第二句的solid代表有力的，確鑿的。solid evidence 可靠的證據
B：將句子改寫得更學術
B-1:
The book is primarily concerned with the problem of policing the internet.
B-2:
Virtually every school in the county had reported problems with the new system.
B-3:
The work of the Institute is not solely devoted to cancer research.
B-4:
Fundamentally, we believe we have demonstrated a significant link between the two events.
B-5:
Several research teams have attempted to solve the problem, without success.
B-6:
The reaction is characteristic of the way large corporations keep control of their markets.
解析：可參照上一篇學術英語學習1表格中的內容進行修改。常用的學術表達記住，對寫作會增色不少。
C:用名詞短語改寫句子
C-1:
Biological investigations of the problem came to no firm conclusions.
C-2:
The development of antibiotics caused a revolution in medicine.
C-3:
The solution to the problem was an alteration to the deck of the bridge.
C-4:
The exploration of Antarctica has always presented special challenges.
往期連結：
一起學「學術英語」1
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