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我們知道學術論文的引言（Introduction）往往是論文中最難寫的部分之一。
如果你閱讀大量文獻並總結你會發現，其實論文寫作是有套路和模板的，就像寫八股文一樣。行文邏輯和句型都有套路和模板。
論文的Introduction的基本要素及邏輯關係一般包括：
· 1 背景，背景和或論文重要性
· 2 簡要回顧相關的學術文獻
· 3 研究領域中的問題、爭議/空白
· 4 引出研究目的和研究問題或假設
· 5 簡要帶出研究設計和方法
· 6 解釋研究的意義或價值
· 7 定義某些關鍵術語
· 8 簡要介紹論文或報告的組織結構
之前我們介紹了論文重要性的句型模板（點擊藍色字即可前往閱讀），今天主要分享內容為：確定研究領域內的爭議，闡述前人研究的不足之處，指明相關研究缺乏或不足，找出領域的知識空白幾個方面的最全句型模板，希望對大家寫論文時有所幫助。
A much debated question is whether …
One major issue in early X research concerned …
To date there has been little agreement on what …
The issue has grown in importance in light of recent …
一個備受爭議的問題是，是否.。One of the most significant current discussions in X is …
In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y is debated.
One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in …
Questions havebeen raised about the use of animal subjects in …
In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning …
已經有人提出了關於使用動物作為實驗對象的問題。在許多地方，關於……在Ys和Zs之間發生了一場爭論。Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of …
This concept has recently been challenged by X studies demonstrating …
The debate about X has gained fresh prominence with many arguing that …
關於…管理的最佳策略的爭議.仍然在繼續。這一概念最近受到X項研究的挑戰，這些研究表明……。
隨著許多人認為……，關於X的爭論又獲得了新的關注。Scholars have long debated the impact of X on the creation and diffusion of …
More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about…
One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns …
學者們對X對……的產生和傳播的影響爭論已久。一個主要的理論問題主導了該領域。多年來，人們一直在關注……。
The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within thefield of …
關於X的科學證據的爭議已經持續了一個多世紀。X的問題一直是...領域內一個有爭議且爭議很大的話題。The causes of X have been the subject of intense debate within the scientific community.
In the literature on X, the relative importance of Y has been subject to considerable discussion.在有關X的文獻中，關於Y的相對重要性已進行了大量討論。Previous studies of X have not dealt with …
Researchers have not treated X in much detail.
Such expositions are unsatisfactory because they …
Most studies in the field of X have only focused on …
以前對X的研究還沒有涉及……。Such approaches, however, have failed to address …
Previous published studies are limited to local surveys.
Half of the studies evaluated failed to specify whether …
但是，這種方法卻無法解決……。The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
Previously published studies on the effect of X are not consistent.
迄今為止，研究傾向於將重點放在X而不是YSmith’s analysisdoes not take account of …, nor does she examine …
The existing accounts fail to resolve the contradiction between X and Y.However, much ofthe research up to now has been descriptive in nature …
The generalisability of much published research on this issue is problematic.
Research on the subject has been mostly restricted to limited comparisons of …
但是，到目前為止，許多研究本質上都是描述性的……。However, few writers have been able to draw on any systematic research into …
Short-term studies such as these do not necessarily show subtle changes overtime …
Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study existswhich …
然而，很少有作家能夠對...進行任何系統的研究。諸如此類的短期研究不一定會隨著時間的推移而發生細微的變化...。雖然對X進行了廣泛的研究，但沒有一項研究是關於…。However, these results were based upon data from over 30 years ago and it is unclear if …
The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about …
Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.但是，這些結果是基於30年前的數據而來的，目前尚不清楚……。There is little published data on …
No previous study has investigated X.
The use of X has not been investigated.
關於……的公開數據很少。There has beenno detailed investigation of …
There has been little quantitative analysis of …
Data about the efficacy and safety of X are limited.
尚無關於…的詳細研究。Up to now, far too little attention has been paid to …
A search of the literature revealed few studies which …The impact of Xon Y is understudied, particularly for …
對於X對Y的影響的研究不足，尤其是對於……。Few studies have investigated X in any systematic way …
In addition, no research has been found that surveyed …
So far, however, there has been little discussion about …
很少有研究以任何系統的方式對X進行研究……。
So far, very little attention has been paid to the role of X.
Surprisingly, the effects of X have not been closely examined.
In contrast to X, there is much less information about effects of …
到目前為止，對X的作用很少關注。A systematic understanding of how X contributes to Y is still lacking.
Despite the importance of X, there remains a paucity of evidence on …
There have been no controlled studies which compare differences in …
仍然缺乏對X如何對Y做出貢獻的系統理解。
@全球熱門搞笑gif
To date, the problem has received scant attention in the research literature
To date, there are few studies that have investigated the association between …some research has been carried out on X,no single study exists which …
no studies have been found which …
no controlled studies have been reported.
only two studies have attempted to investigate …
there have been few empirical investigations into …
there is still very little scientific understanding of …
the mechanism by which … has not been established.
It is still notknown whether …
… much less is known about X.
The nature of X remains unclear.
Currently, there are no data on …
現在還不知道是否……What is lessclear is the nature of …
Very little is currently known about X in …
Research to date has not yet determined …
不太清楚的是……的性質。What is not yetclear is the impact of X on …
There is still uncertainty, however, whether …The response of X to Y is not fully understood.
目前尚不清楚的是X對……的影響。Causal factor sleading to X remain speculative.
The neurobiological basis of X is poorly understood.
Little is known about X and it is not clear what factors …
導致X的原因仍然是推測性的。
To date, only a limited number of Xs have been identified.
The mechanisms that underpin X are not fully understood.
Much uncertainty still exists about the relationship between …
到目前為止，只確定了有限數量的x。
This indicates aneed to understand the various perceptions of X that exist among …
It is now well established that … However, the influence of X on Y has remainedunclear.very little is known about X in…
few studies have investigated …
the nature of X remains unclear.
much less is known about how …
the use of X has not been investigated.
far too little attention has been paid to …
the behaviour of X has not yet been investigated.
the evidence for this relationship is inconclusive …
much uncertainty still exists about the relation between …
there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in …
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英語例句來源：曼切斯特大學官網
編譯 審核：趣之化學
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