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那什麼是英語句子的平行結構?
英語中為了表達同類思想觀點和行為動作而把兩個或兩個以上的意義相關、層次相同、句法功能也相同的詞、短語、句子等成串排列構成的結構序列稱之為平行結構(Parallelism)。這種結構在英語句子中的應用很廣泛,值得我們多留意。
當一句話裡面出現兩個或兩個以上的平行成分時,這些成分應該保持平衡,如果不注意這一點就會出現句子結構不平衡的問題,比如下面這幾個例子:
(1) He spoke with warmth and in a humorous way.
(2) To swim in the pool is not as fun as swimming in the river.
(3) We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil, but he knew little about his own country.
(4) Jimmy Davis was an amateur country music singer, a governor of Louisiana, and wrote songs too.
上面這幾個句子雖然語法上沒問題,但讀起來不夠順暢。
第(1)個句子warmth, in a humorous way這兩部分也要統一,改為:He spoke with warmth and humor.第(2)個句子to swim in the pool以及swimming in the river這兩個部分不一致,可以統一改為動名詞形式,改為:Swimming in the pool is not as fun as swimming in the river.第(3)個句子…but he knew little about his own country 要跟前面的who had lived in Brazil結構上保持一致,改為:We met a Frenchman who had lived in Brazil but who knew little about his own country. 第(4)個句子…and wrote songs too 應該和前面的名詞結構形成對應,可以改為…and a song writer,改為:Jimmy Davis was an amateur country music singer, a governor of Louisiana, and a song writer.常見的平行結構形式
一般來說,英語平行結構有單詞平行、短語平行和從句平行這幾種形式。
1.單詞平行
由單詞組成的平行結構使用一組詞性相同、意義相關、語氣一致的詞來說明一個對象,這些單詞可能是名詞、動詞、形容詞、副詞、介詞等。
She likes to read, cook, and dance. 這一句裡列舉的三個含義都是用動詞的」to do」形式來表達的。邱吉爾有一句名言:
I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.
blood, toil, tears, sweat這幾個名詞構成了並列成分,使得句子讀起來更有氣勢,更有感染力。
如歐巴馬就職演講中有這樣一句話:
Time and again, these men and women struggled and sacrificed and worked till their hands were raw so that we might live a better life.
句子中struggled, sacrificed, worked 這三個並列的單詞也組成了平行結構。
2.短語平行
短語的平行結構包括名詞短語、動詞短語以及介詞短語等,比如下面這兩個例子:
They understood that our power alone cannot protect us, nor does it entitle us to do as we please. Instead, they knew that our power grows through its prudent use. Our security emanates from the justness of our cause; the force of our example; the tempering qualities of humility and restraint.
句子中加粗部分the justness of our cause, the force of our example, the tempering qualities of humility and restraint 共同結構是 the XX of… 它們構成了短語平行結構,使得句子更加有節奏感。
Treating cultured endothelial cells with LPS increased the expression of endothelial-lymphocyte adhesion molecules, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and permeability of the endothelial monolayer. 這句裡三個含義都是用名詞短語表達的。我們可以換一種說法,改成都是動詞短語:Treating cultured endothelial cells with LPS upregulated the expression of endothelial-lymphocyte adhesion molecules, increased the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced endothelial-endothelial interaction.3.從句平行
從句的平行並列包括各類從句的並置,例如賓語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等,
It was my mother that threw an egg at Mr. Li yesterday.
改為:It was Mr. Li that my mother threw an egg at yeterday.這裡強調了Mr. Li 昨天媽媽送了雞蛋給他。
比如同樣是歐巴馬就職演講中的句子:
…we cannot help but believe that the old hatreds shall someday pass; that the lines of tribe shall soon dissolve; that as the world grows smaller, our common humanity shall reveal itself; and that America must play its role in ushering in a new era of peace.
這種從句平行結構在演講中很常見,可以用於增強氣勢,調動觀眾情緒。
所以,恰當使用平行結構能大大地增加語言的表現力,使行文更流暢、結構更嚴謹、邏輯更嚴密。同時,熟悉平行結構也能幫助我們在閱讀中更好理解作者的語言風格,提高欣賞英語文學作品的水平。平行結構修改方法有三種,目的是為了讓每一個部分的語法形式都一致,我們會舉例子說明。
方法一:修改少數與其他文法形式不一致的部分方法一是修正平行結構最簡單的方式,大部分句子都可以使用方法一來解決,但是複雜句或子句較多的長句,可能無法適用此方法,因為有可能會變動意思,此類句子推薦使用方法三來修正。
要小心使用方法二,因為修改多數以配合少數的語法形式容易導致句子重複性高,見句一,因此我們只推薦方法一。另外,方法二也無法避免變動句子意思的風險。
有時候修改句子可能需要將句子重組,否則可能會意外變動到原意。為避免失去句子原意,我們建議將句子衍伸。
多數簡單的平行結構句子都是由」and,」 「or,」 或」but.」對等連接詞所連接,其他較複雜的句子結構則令人相當困擾,例如: 修飾子句的平行結構(例:關係子句和分詞子句) 和比較子句(例:相關連接詞)。
關係子句使用」that」或」which.」
分詞子句由動詞組成,功能如形容詞,例如:」This car is built to last.」
相關連接詞有 「not only…but also,」 「either…or,」 「neither…nor,」 「if…then,」 等等
比較句的連接詞典型的有 「than」 或 「as.」
以上的句型皆需要使用平行結構!
在修改這一類的句子時, 找到前後部分並檢查是否兩邊都是同樣的文法形式。
另一個令人糾結的平行結構是動詞轉換。回想看看你是否有說過類似以下的句子:
「I really like this movie, which was why I bought it.」
We knew that we had little time, work had to be finished, and we needed to hurry.
感覺很自然的句子,你發現錯在哪了嗎??
「I really like this movie, which was why I bought it.」
We knew that we had little time, work had to be finished, and we needed to hurry.
句一的時態從現在轉到過去而句二則在that句子突然轉換成被動語態。現在來修正句子。
「I really like this movie, which is why I bought it.」
We knew that we had little time, we had to finish the work, and we needed to hurry.
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