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本期,我們介紹美國會計準則彙編《ASC360, Property, Plant, and Equipment》和國際會計準則《IAS16,Property, Plant and Equipment》中固定資產的比較。
內容提要:本文將為您分析美國會計準則與國際會計準則在固定資產的定義、範圍、確認以及初始計量方面的異同點。匯總如下表:
美國會計準則
國際會計準則
定義
同
基本定義相同(為生產商品、提供勞務、出租或經營管理而持有且使用壽命超過一個會計期間)
異
除了有概念定義還列舉了具體形態的固定資產
無列舉例子
範圍
同
基本範圍相同
異
具體談到了房地產、土地租賃、林場和農場的出售、金融資產
單獨提到了石油等不可再生能源
確認
同
基本相同(有未來預期收益且能可靠計量)
初始計量
同
均使用歷史成本法
異
取得資產時支付的現金或現金等價物的金額
資產得到確認時的現金價值且包含清理費用
定義
美國會計準則與國際會計準則有關固定資產定義的部分十分相似,但國際會計準則詳細列舉了固定資產的項目。
Property, plant, and equipment,sometimes referred to as 「fixed assets,」 「tangible long-lived assets,」 or 「plant assets」.(以上詞彙均指固定資產)
(一)美國會計準則的固定資產定義
美國會計準則對固定資產定義的表述如下:Property, plant, and equipment are tangible property used in a productive capacity that will benefit the reporting entity for a period exceeding one year. They include land, buildings, machinery, furniture, and tools. Items of property, plant, and equipment are used in the ordinary course of business. They are not for resale. Property, plant, and equipment are some of the most significant items in the statement of financial position and usually represent a substantial investment by the entity. (不動產、廠房和設備是用於生產產品的有形財產,其受益期超過一年。它們包括土地,建築物,機械,家具和工具。不動產、廠房及設備項目在一般業務過程中使用。他們不可以轉售。不動產、廠房及設備是財務狀況表中最重要的項目,通常反映企業的大規模投資。)
(二)國際會計準則對固定資產的定義
IAS16(Property, Plant and Equipment)指出:Property, plant and equipment are tangible items that:(固定資產,是指同時具有下列兩個特徵的有形資產)
(a) are held for use in the production or supply of goods or services,for rental to others, or for administrative purposes; and(為生產商品、提供勞務、出租或經營管理而持有的)
(b) are expected to be used during more than one period. (使用壽命超過一個會計期間)
Useful life is:(使用壽命是指)
(a) the period over which an asset is expected to be available for use by an entity; or(企業使用固定資產的預計期間)
(b) the number of production or similar units expected to be obtained from the asset by an entity. (該固定資產所能生產產品或提供勞務的數量)
範圍
美國會計準則與國際會計準則的範圍大體也是相同的,但是美國會計準則具體談到了房地產、土地租賃、林場和農場的出售、金融資產等,而國際會計準則則單獨提及了石油等不可再生資源。
(一)美國會計準則的固定資產範圍美國會計準則的固定資產範圍表述如下:
Scope and Scope Exceptions(範圍及例外)
Transactions 360-20-15-3 The guidance applies to the following transactions and activities: (事項360-20-15-3 中適用於以下交易記錄和活動)
a. All sales of real estate, including real estate with property improvements or integral equipment. The property improvements and integral equipment refer to any physical structure or equipment attached to the real estate that cannot be removed and used separately without incurring significant cost. Examples include an office building, a manufacturing facility, a power plant, and a refinery. (所有房地產的銷售,包括房地產與性能改善或構成整體所必需的設備。這些設備指的是與房地產相關,在不帶來重大成本時不能移動並且不能單獨使用的物理結構或設備。例如一個辦公樓,一套生產設備,一個發電廠和一個煉油廠。)
b. Sales of property improvements or integral equipment subject to an existing lease of the underlying land should be accounted for in accordance with paragraphs 360-20-40-56 through 40-59. (性能改進或構成整體所必需的設備根據相關土地現有的租賃銷售佔比應該與360-20-40-56到40-59一致)
c. The sale or transfer of an investment in the form of a financial asset that is in substance real estate. (以金融資產形式出售或轉讓的房地產)
d. The sale of timberlands or farms (that is, land with trees or crops attached to it). (林地和農場的出售(也就是說,土地與樹木或莊稼及其作物))
e. Real estate time-sharing transactions. (房地產分時交易記錄)
f. Loss of a controlling financial interest in a subsidiary that is in substance real estate because of a default by the subsidiary on its non-recourse debt.(由於子公司的無追索權債務無法收回而導致的母公司財務控制利益的損失,該利益實質上是房地產資產)
(二)國際會計準則的固定資產範圍
國際會計準則對固定資產範圍有如下表述:This Standard shall be applied in accounting for property, plant and equipment except when another Standard requires or permits a different accounting treatment. (本號準則適用於不動產、廠房和設備的會計處理,除非有另外的國際會計準則,要求或允許採用不同的會計處理方法)
This Standard does not apply to:(這條準則不適用於以下)
(a) property, plant and equipment classified as held for sale in accordance with IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations. (按國際財務報告準則第5號所持待售非流動資產及已終止經營持有之待售不動產、廠房及設備)
(b) biological assets related to agricultural activity other than bearer plants. This Standard applies to bearer plants but it does not apply to the produce on bearer plants.(與農業活動有關的生物資產,而不是擁有的生物。本標準適用於自身擁有的生物資產,但不適用於生物資產產生的產品。)
(c) the recognition and measurement of exploration and evaluation assets (see IFRS 6 Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources). (勘探和評估資產的確認和計量(見「國際財務報告準則第6號礦產資源勘查與評估」))
(d) mineral rights and mineral reserves such as oil, natural gas and similar non-regenerative resources. (礦產權和礦產儲量如石油,天然氣和類似的不可再生資源。)
However, this Standard applies to property, plant and equipment used to develop or maintain the assets described in (b)–(d). (然而,本標準適用於(b)-(d)所述的用於開發或維護資產的不動產,廠房和設備,)
確認
美國會計準則對固定資產的確認與國際會計準則對固定資產的確認相似,此處只列出國際會計準則的表述。
國際會計準則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對固定資產確認的表述如下:
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment shall be recognized as an asset if, and only if:(固定資產只有同時滿足下列條件的,才能予以確認)
(a) it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the entity; and(該固定資產包含的經濟利益很可能流入企業)
(b) the cost of the item can be measured reliably. (該固定資產的成本能夠可靠計量)
初始計量
美國會計準則與國際會計準則對於固定資產的初始計量均使用歷史成本法,但美國會計準則使用的歷史成本是為得到資產而支付的現金或現金等價物的金額,在取得後通常要進行攤銷或其他分配調整;而國際會計準則使用的成本是確認資產取得時的現金價值,且包括拆卸和移除固定資產的成本。
美國會計準則對於固定資產的初始計量表述如下:
Cost considerations——Initial acquisition cost. (初始採購成本)
Entities use historical cost to value property, plant, and equipment. Upon acquisition, the reporting entity should measure and capitalize all the historical costs necessary to deliver the asset to its intended location and prepare it for its productive use. This includes interest costs incurred during the period of time necessary to ready the asset for use. (企業使用歷史成本法計量不動產、廠房和設備。一經採購企業就可以在財務報告中將所必需的所有資產交付給其預定位置並準備將該資產用於其生產的成本資本化。包括在必要時期將資產達到預定可使用狀態的利息成本)
Examples of delivery and asset preparation costs include:(資產運輸與準備成本包括)
1. Sales, use, excise, and other taxes imposed on the purchase (銷售、使用、消費稅和其他由購買引起的稅費)
2. Import duties (進口稅)
3. Finders』 fees (中間人費用)
4. Freight costs and related shipping insurance (運輸成本和相關運輸保險)
5. Storage and handling costs (儲存和裝卸成本)
6. Installation and setup costs (安裝成本)
7. Testing and breaking-in costs (檢測和磨合成本)
8. Foundations and other costs related to providing proper support for the asset(與提供適當的資產支持有關的資金和其他成本)
9. Costs of reconditioning assets that are purchased used in order to prepare them for use (為了準備使用的所購買資產的翻新成本)
When the asset consists of one or more buildings, capitalized costs include such expenditures as:(當資產由一個或多個建築物組成時,資本化成本包括如下費用:)
1.Demolition of preexisting structures occupying the land as well as costs related to excavating, grading, or filling the land to ready it for the new structure(為新建築物做準備而拆遷佔用土地預先存在的建築物,以及與挖掘,分級或填築土地相關的成本)
2. Contract price paid to the general contractor and subcontractors(支付給總承包商和分包商的合同價格)
3. Architectural and engineering costs(建築和工程費用)
4. Building permits(建築許可證)
5. Costs of renovating a preexisting purchased building to convert it for use by the buyer Accounting for assets acquired in a group. (對現有已購買建築進行翻新的費用,將其轉換為買方使用的會計核算)
國際會計準則IAS 16(Property, Plant and Equipment)對固定資產初始計量的表述如下:
An item of property, plant and equipment that qualifies for recognition as an asset shall be measured at its cost. (固定資產應當按照成本進行初始計量)
The cost of an item of property, plant and equipment comprises:(固定資產的成本包括)
(a) its purchase price, including import duties and non-refundable purchase taxes, after deducting trade discounts and rebates;(其購買價款,包括進口關稅和扣除貿易折扣和回扣後不可退還的購置稅)
(b) any costs directly attributable to bringing the asset to the location and condition necessary for it to be capable of operating in the manner intended by management;(使固定資產達到預定可使用狀態前所發生的一切直接費用)
(c) the initial estimate of the costs of dismantling and removing the item and restoring the site on which it is located, the obligation for which an entity incurs either when the item is acquired or as a consequence of having used the item during a particular period for purposes other than to produce inventories during that period. (拆卸和移除有關項目及恢復此項目所在地點的初始估計成本,項目被收購或由於在特定期間為生產存貨之外的目的使用該項目所產生的債務)
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