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第1章 導 言
1.1 複習筆記
【本章要點】
1. The functions of language 語言的功能
2. The defining features of language 語言的區別性特徵
3. The origin of language 語言的起源
4. The acquisition of language 語言的習得
【本章考點】
語言的功能，語言的起源，語言的區別性特徵及語言習得等。
【本章內容索引】
Ⅰ. The languages of the world
Ⅱ. The functions of language
1. Phatic
2. Directive
3. Informative
4. Interrogative
5. Expressive/Emotive
6. Evocative
7. Performative
8. Recreational
9. Metalinguistic
Ⅲ. The defining features of language
1. Arbitrariness
2. Duality
3. Creativity
4. Displacement
5. Cultural Transmission
Ⅳ. The origin of language
1. The bow-wow theory
2. The pooh-pooh theory
3. The ding-dong theory
4. The yo-he-ho theory
5. The ta-ta theory
6. The ta-ra-ra-boom-de-ay theory
Ⅴ. The acquisition of language
1. Features of language acquisition
2. Stages of language acquisition
Ⅵ. Linguistics: The science of language
1. Definition
2. Branch
3. Character
Ⅰ. The languages of the world（世界上的語言）
There are some 6, 800 known languages spoken in 200 countries of the world.
世界上共有6800多種語言，被200多個國家的人們所使用。
There are over 100 language families in the world.
世界上共有一百多個語系。
Ⅱ. The functions of language（語言的功能）
1. Phatic: Hello.
寒暄功能。例：你好。
2. Directive: Get out of my way.
指令功能。例：滾開！
3. Informative: The earth revolves around the sun.
信息功能。例：地球圍著太陽轉。
4. Interrogative: Do you know his hobby?
詢問功能。例：你知道他的愛好嗎？
5. Expressive/Emotive: I hate her.
表達功能。例：我討厭她。
6. Evocative: How do you like Jack?
感情功能。例：你覺得傑克怎麼樣？
7. Performative: I hereby declare the meeting open.
施為功能。例：我特此宣布會議開始。
8. Recreational: Funny jokes make people laugh.
娛樂功能。例：有趣的笑話使人發笑。
9. Metalinguistic：Use language to explain language itself.
元語言功能。例：用語言談論語言本身。
Ⅲ. The defining features of language（語言的區別性特徵）
1. Arbitrariness（任意性）
As a symbolic unit, a word has both form and meaning. As a rule, the relation between the form and the meaning, however, is arbitrary. In other words, there is no inherent connection between the form and the meaning.
作為象徵性符號，單詞擁有形式和意義。然而，通常形式和意義之間的關係是任意的，換言之，二者之間沒有內在聯繫。
2. Duality（二重性）
Language operates at two levels: at the lower level, language consists of a bunch of meaningless elements; at the higher level, the meaningless elements combine to form meaningful units like words.