這個稍後會添加到《學術這件事:要不要讀博?怎麼讀?如何找工作?怎樣發論文?參加學術會議要注意什麼?在哪裡花時間?》系列裡。
論文摘要怎麼寫?要寫幾句話?每句寫什麼?
1
包特兄發了一條微博,講Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization (JEBO)主編Daniel Houser如何寫論文寫作摘要。
Dan說他心中的標準摘要應該有五句。第一句是論文在文獻裡的定位,第二句是這篇文章做什麼,第三句是為什麼做,第四句是發現了什麼,第五句是這些發現有什麼意義。
包特兄指出這五句其實各自對應文章的一部分,第一句是引言,第二句是研究設計,第三句是待檢驗假設或文獻討論,第四句是研究結果,第五句是結論。
也就是說,摘要每一句話都是正文一個部分的總結。
包兄說:「我之前雖然知道這五句話,但從未從這個角度理解它們存在的原因。現在想想,果然是高深的美學!」
2
現在讓我們來看看Houser老師自己是不是真的是這樣做的呢?
我先挑一篇他和合作者在PNAS上的文章。這篇文章可能因為有諾獎得主Vernon Smith的參與,所以引用率是Houser老師所有文章裡最高的。
但這篇文章的摘要超過了5句話,總共有7句。第一句是Cooperation between individuals requires the ability to infer each other's mental states to form shared expectations over mutual gains and make cooperative choices that realize these gains.
第二句是From evidence that the ability for mental state attribution involves the use of prefrontal cortex, we hypothesize that this area is involved in integrating theory-of-mind processing with cooperative actions.
第三句是We report data from a functional MRI experiment designed to test this hypothesis.
第四句是Subjects in a scanner played standard two-person 「trust and reciprocity」 games with both human and computer counterparts for cash rewards.
第五句是Behavioral data shows that seven subjects consistently attempted cooperation with their human counterpart.
第六句是Within this group prefrontal regions are more active when subjects are playing a human than when they are playing a computer following a fixed (and known) probabilistic strategy.
第七句是Within the group of five noncooperators, there are no significant differences in prefrontal activation between computer and human conditions.
但仔細看,第一句就是定位(1),第二句是待檢驗假設(2),第三、四句是結論(3),第五句是結論(4),第六和第七句是進一步展示結論細節(5)。所以大體還是符合這個「五句話」的原則。
3
也許上一篇文章因為寫作時間長,Houser老師還沒有完全遵循自己的5句話規則。我們再挑一篇近期的作品來看看。
這篇文章的摘要還是超過了5句話。
第一句It is a well-documented phenomenon that a group's gender composition can impact group performance.
第二句Understanding why and how this phenomenon happens is a prominent puzzle in the literature.
第三句To shed light onthis puzzle, we propose and experimentally test one novel theory: through the salience of gender stereotype, agroup's gender composition affects a person's willingness to lead a group, thereby impacting the group's overallperformance.
第四句By randomly assigning people to groups with varying gender compositions, we find that women inmixed-gender groups are twice as likely as women in single-gender groups to suffer from the gender stereotypeeffect, by shying away from leadership in areas that are gender-incongruent.
第五句Further, we provide evidence thatthe gender stereotype effect persists even for women in single-gender groups.
第六句Importantly, however, we find thatpublic feedback about a capable woman's performance significantly increases her willingness to lead.
第七句This resultholds even in male-stereotyped environments.
但我們仔細分析一下,第一、二句就是文獻定位(1),第三句是假設(2),第四句是結合和設計和初步結論(3、4),第五、六、七句都是進一步展示結論細節。
所以Houser老師關於「5句話」的「原則」,大概並不是說你要刻板遵循一定是「5」句話,而是說這個摘要寫作的思路要體現這5句話分別對應的文章的各個部分。
最後,一個人要嚴於律己是真的很難,Houser老師也不例外。
學術這件事:要不要讀博?怎麼讀?如何找工作?怎樣發論文?參加學術會議要注意什麼?在哪裡花時間?
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