1月8日，駐英國大使劉曉明應邀在牛津劍橋俱樂部發表主旨演講。演講後，劉大使還回答聽眾關於聯合國安理會改革、中東形勢、「一帶一路」建設、英歐關係、中美貿易摩擦、投資安全審查、華為在英經營情況等提問。該俱樂部150多名會員出席。
以下為演講雙語全文：
《堅持和平發展，推進合作共贏》 China is Firmly Committed to Peaceful Development and Win-Win Cooperation
（2019年1月8日，牛津劍橋俱樂部） Oxford and Cambridge Club, 8 January 2019
尊敬的布萊克維主席， Chairman Joanna Tudor-Blakeway, 女士們，先生們： Ladies and Gentlemen:
大家晚上好！ Good evening!
很高興到訪牛津劍橋俱樂部。我出任中國駐英大使以來，牛津和劍橋是我訪問次數最多的兩個大學。但做客牛劍俱樂部，還是第一次。俱樂部的會員告訴我，我是第一位到此演講的中國大使。因此，今天的訪問很有意義。正因為如此，我把2019年的第一場演講選在你們的俱樂部，這個牛津劍橋兩大名校精英薈萃的地方。 It is a real delight to join you at the Oxford and Cambridge Club. Oxford and Cambridge are the two universities that I have visited most frequently since becoming the Chinese Ambassador to the UK. But this is my first visit to the Oxford and Cambridge Club. It is very special and significant. So I have decided to make my very first speech of 2019 at your club, the home of outstanding alumni from both these two world-renowned universities.
對中國而言，2019年是一個大年，我們將迎來新中國成立70周年。70年來，中國發生了翻天覆地的變化，從一個積貧積弱的「東亞病夫」發展成為世界第二大經濟體，堪稱人類發展史上的奇蹟。 2019 is an important year for China. It marks the 70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China. The past 70 years have seen China going through profound changes and growing from "the sick man of East Asia" ridden with poverty and weakness to the second largest economy in the world. This has been a miracle in the history of human development.
對英國民眾而言，中國從「遠在天邊」變得「近在眼前」，英國媒體每天都有關於中國的報導，中國的發展與英國越來越息息相關。那麼，中國的發展對英國到底意味著什麼？是機遇、挑戰還是威脅？要回答這個問題，就要認識中國是個什麼樣的國家？搞清楚中國從何處來，又向何處去？ For people here in Britain, China is no longer a "far away land". China is right here before your eyes. It is in your newspapers every day. And more and more people feel closely connected with what is going on in China.So what does China's development mean to the UK? Is it an opportunity, a challenge or a threat? To answer this question, one must first try to understand China, and to know where it has come from and where it is going in the future.
回顧70年來的發展歷程，中國的成功之處就是找到了一條適合本國國情的道路，即中國特色社會主義道路。這是認識中國的關鍵。這條中國特色社會主義道路有四個鮮明特點，可以用四個「P」來概括： The key to understanding China is to understand that China's success of the past 70 years is attributed to its development path that suits China's national conditions. This path is known as socialism with Chinese characteristics. It has four salient features, which can be summarised as four P's.
第一個是「PARTY」，即中國共產黨是中國的「主心骨」。 The first P stands for "Party". The Communist Party of China is the backbone of the nation.
對於中國這樣一個近14億人口的大國來說，發展道路沒有先例可循，也沒有金科玉律的教科書，只能在實踐中不斷探索。 For a big country with nearly 1.4 billion people, there is no precedence or text book to follow on its way to development. The only way forward is through trial and error.
中國近代曾歷經深重苦難，人民流離失所，國家山河破碎。不少志士仁人發起一系列救亡圖存的鬥爭，各種努力都嘗試過，無論是太平天國、義和團，還是洋務運動、戊戌變法、辛亥革命都最終失敗了。只有在中國共產黨領導下，中國才實現從站起來、富起來到強起來的偉大飛躍。可以說，中國共產黨是歷史的選擇、人民的選擇。 Since modern times, China has made numerous trials and errors. From the peasant uprisings known as the Taiping Rebellion and Boxer Rebellion to the Westernisation Movement, from the Hundred Day's Reform to the Revolution of 1911, generations of Chinese sought unsuccessfully to free the country from devastation and dismemberment, and to save the people from destitution and displacement. It is under the leadership of the Communist Party of China that the nations has achieved independence and grown prosperous and strong. The Communist Party of China is the choice of history and the choice of the Chinese people.
上世紀90年代初蘇聯解體時，西方一些人認為「中國共產黨挺不了多久」、提出「歷史的終結」，這些看法最終證明都是錯誤的，根本原因在於對中國共產黨缺乏正確認識。中國共產黨雖然也曾走過一些彎路，但勇于堅持真理、直面問題、修正錯誤，不斷開拓創新、與時俱進，始終保持與人民的血肉聯繫，帶領人民克服一個又一個困難，不斷從勝利走向勝利。 When the Soviet Union disintegrated in early 1990s, some people in the West reckoned that "the days for the Communist Party of China are numbered" and forecast the "End of History". Their predictions have been proven wrong and the reason lies in their lack of understanding about the Communist Party of China. Indeed, the Party had stumbles, falls and even wrong turns along the way, but it has the courage to admit its mistakes, make corrections and continue to seek truth. It has kept renewing itself in order to stay abreast with the times. And it has maintained close links with the Chinese people. These qualities have enabled the Communist Party of China to lead the Chinese people in overcoming the difficulties and achieving one success after another.
第二個是「PROGRESS」，即把經濟建設作為中心。 The second P stands for "progress". Economic progress is the central task.
在70年的探索過程中，中國不斷認識並發展社會主義。1978年，中國認真總結國內外改革發展經驗，「以經濟建設為中心」取代「以階級鬥爭為綱」，開啟了中國改革開放的偉大進程。 For China, the past 70 years have been an ongoing exploration of and experiment with socialism, in which we have sought ever-deeper understanding of it and added new dimensions to it. In 1978, China embarked on the great journey of reform and opening up after a thorough review of both domestic experience and overseas practice in reform and development. The focus of the nation was shifted from "class struggle" to "economic development".
通過40多年改革開放，中國不斷解放和發展社會生產力，國內生產總值年均增長約9.5%，總量達12萬億美元，遠高於同期世界經濟2.9%的年均增速；佔世界經濟比重從40年前的2%，增至今天的15.2%。
In the past 40 years, China has kept emancipating and developing the productive forces, and achieved tremendous progress:
China's GDP has reached 12 trillion US dollars. It has been growing at an average annual rate of 9.5%, which is much higher than the 2.9% concurrent rate of the world economy. Its contribution to global GDP has increased from 2% forty years ago to 15.2% today.
中國已成為世界第二大經濟體、製造業第一大國、貨物貿易第一大國、商品消費第二大國、外資流入第二大國，外匯儲備連續多年位居世界第一。 China is now the world's second largest economy,largest manufacturer,biggest trader in goods,second biggest consumer of goods,No. 2 destination for foreign investment,and No. 1 in foreign exchange reserve for many years in a row.
第三個是「PEOPLE」，即把讓人民過上「好日子」作為奮鬥目標。 Now let me come to the third P, which stands for "people".
習近平主席指出，「人民對美好生活的嚮往就是我們的奮鬥目標。」中國始終堅持以人民為中心的發展思想，在發展中保障和改善民生。這不僅是我們一切工作的出發點和落腳點，也是中國發展的根本目的。 President Xi Jinping has given the best explanation of this point. He said, "The aspirations of the people to live a better life must always be the focus of our efforts." The people and their wellbeing have always been the ultimate goal of all our efforts to achieve development.
70年來，中國從一個難以解決溫飽問題的低收入國家躍升為一個生活寬裕的中等收入國家，7.4億人擺脫貧困，3億多人進入中等收入群體；建了成包括養老、醫療、低保、住房在內的世界最大的社會保障體系；居民預期壽命由1981年的67.8歲提高到2017年的76.7歲。 In the past 70 years, China had grown from a low-income country that could barely provide food and clothing to its people to a middle-income country enjoying moderate prosperity. 740 million people are lifted out of poverty;The middle-income population totaled more than 300 million; The world's largest social security system is established, covering old-age pension, health care, basic allowances and welfare housing; And the average life expectancy had gone up from 67.8 in 1981 to 76.7 in 2017.
第四個是「PEACE」，即把和平發展作為基本國策。 The fourth P stands for "peace". Peaceful development is China's basic national policy.
中國始終堅持獨立自主的和平外交政策，始終不渝走和平發展道路。中國的發展需要一個和平安寧的國際環境，同時中國又以自身發展促進世界和平。近年來，中國參與了當今幾乎所有國際和地區熱點問題的解決進程，為世界和平與發展不斷貢獻中國智慧，提出中國方案。 China is committed to an independent foreign policy of peace and stayed on the path of peaceful development. China needs a peaceful and tranquil international environment for its development, and its development in turn helps maintain world peace. In recent years, China has been a partner in the international response to almost all regional and international hotspot issues. China has contributed its wisdom and proposed its solutions.
新年伊始，中國已超過日本成為聯合國常規預算第二大出資國，從7.9%上升至12%。中國還是聯合國維和行動第二大出資國和安理會五常中派遣維和軍事人員最多的國家，累計派出3.7萬人次軍警官兵參與維和行動。中國軍艦連續10年在亞丁灣、索馬利亞海域執行護航，先後保護了6000多艘船舶安全，其中也包括英國商船。 At the beginning of 2019, China overtook Japan to become the second largest contributor to the United Nations regular budget, increasing its contribution from 7.9% to 12%. China is the second largest contributor to the UN peacekeeping budget and the largest contributor among the P5 of peacekeeping personnel. A total of 37,000 Chinese military and police officers have served or are still serving in various UN missions. In the Gulf of Aden and off the Coast of Somalia, the Chinese Navy has carried out escort missions for ten consecutive years, ensuring the safe passage of more than 6,000 ships, including British merchant ships.
女士們，先生們， Ladies and Gentlemen:
儘管中國發展取得了不少成就，但我們清醒地知道中國還是一個發展中國家，是世界上最大的發展中國家，發展依然任重道遠。 Despite our enormous achievements, we are clearly aware that China is still a developing country, and the largest one in the world. We still face daunting tasks in our development.
首先，發展不充分，人均水平低。中國人均國內生產總值排在世界第60多位，只有美國的1/7，不到英國的1/4，人類發展指數全球位列90多位。中國還有3000萬貧困人口、8000多萬殘疾人，需要照顧的老年人口超過2億，每年需要解決就業人口就達1500萬。 First, China's development is inadequate and at a low level in per-capita terms. China's per capita GDP is only one seventh of that of the United States and one fourth of the UK, and ranks behind more than 60 other countries in the world. In human development index, China is just about managing to join the club of top 100. At home, there are still 30 million Chinese living in poverty, more than 80 million people with disabilities, over 200 million pensioners in need of care, and about 15 million new workforces in need of a job every year.
其次，發展不平衡，地區差距大。以東西部差距為例，東部沿海地區廣東省GDP相當於世界排名第十四的西班牙，而西部地區國土面積佔全國72%，人口佔27%，經濟總量僅佔20%，對外貿易和投資只佔7%。我曾在中國西部省份甘肅省擔任省長助理，80多個縣我跑過40多個，親眼目睹了甘肅脫貧任務之艱巨。甘肅省扶貧目標仍是保證人民「一日有三餐，四季有衣穿」。 Second, China's development is imbalanced, with huge disparities between different regions. Let me give you a comparison between the eastern and western regions: the GDP of Guangdong province in the coastal region is the same as the GDP of Spain, the 14th largest economy in the world; but the western region, which covers 72% of China's land area and is home to 27% of China's population, only contributes 20% of the national economy and accounts for 7% of the country's foreign trade and investment. I once served as Assistant Governor of Gansu, one of the poor provinces in China's western region. I have been to more than 40 of the over 80 counties in that Province, and I know from personal experience the daunting task of poverty alleviation that Gansu faces. As we speak, Gansu is still working hard to "ensure adequate food and clothing for its people".
此外，發展仍面臨不可持續的問題。中國社會生產力總體水平仍不高，生產力結構還不夠合理，高投入、高消耗的增長方式尚未得到根本改變，科技創新能力仍顯不足。中國製造業、貿易規模很大，但經濟仍「大而不強」。在國際貿易中，中國出口的是廉價「體力勞動」，進口的是高昂「腦力勞動」，服務貿易仍存在巨額逆差。中國的文化建設、國防實力、科學技術、社會治理現代化水平都有待進一步提升。 Third, sustainability remains a tough issue in China's development. China's overall productivity remains low. The structure of productive forces needs rational adjustment. The shift away from capital-driven and resource-intensive growth model is yet to be completed. The capacity for scientific and technological innovation falls short. As a result, China's manufacturing and trade are large but not strong. Exports are more labour-intensive while imports are more value-added, and service trade is huge deficit. In other areas, such as culture, defence, science, technology and modern social governance, upgrading is badly needed.
我們對前進道路上的困難和挑戰有清醒的認識，正如習近平主席指出，中國發展到了「愈進愈難、愈進愈險而又不進則退、非進不可的時候。」在中國共產黨領導下，我們有信心、有能力攻堅克難，開創更加美好的未來。展望未來，中國將在世界扮演什麼角色呢？概括起來就是四個「B」： These are some of the difficulties and challenges we face. As President Xi Jinping pointed out, going ahead, the difficulties and risks facing China's development will become more and more severe, but without progress we will fall behind, so we must press on. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, we have the confidence and capability to overcome the difficulties and create a brighter future. As China is going forward, what role is China going to play in the world? I would like to use four B's to answer this question.
第一個是「BOOSTER」，中國要做全球經濟增長的「推進器」。 First, China will be a "booster" for world economic growth.
中國在發展中遇到的問題都是「成長中的煩惱」，只有通過進一步發展來解決。中共十九大為中國未來發展確定了「三個目標」，即到2020年全面建成小康社會，到2035年基本實現社會主義現代化，到本世紀中葉建成富強民主文明和諧美麗的社會主義現代化強國。 The problems in China's development are "growing pains", which will be addressed as China continues to develop. One year ago, at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, three goals were set for China's development in the years to come, namely:
Complete the building of a moderately prosperous society by 2020; Realise socialist modernisation by 2035; And build China into a great modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced, harmonious and beautiful by the middle of this century.
要實現這些目標，中國將進一步深化改革，擴大開放。正如習近平主席在新年賀詞中所說：「中國改革的腳步不會停滯，開放的大門只會越開越大」。中國的發展將繼續為世界經濟增長提供充足動力。 To achieve these goals, China will continue to deepen reform and open up wider to the world. President Xi said in his New Year message, "China's reforms will never stop, and its doors will only open even wider". This means that China's development will continue to provide strong impetus for world economic growth.
近年來，中國對世界經濟增長貢獻率超過30%。越來越多的中國人走出國門，從事商貿、投資、求學、旅遊等活動。2017年中國在境外設立企業超過3萬家，在海外勞務人員約100萬，留學生約137萬。去年11月，我們成功舉辦首屆中國國際進口博覽會，這是迄今世界上第一個以進口為主題的國家級展會。未來15年，也就是中國基本實現社會主義現代化的15年，中國將進口24萬億美元商品，吸收2萬億美元境外直接投資。中國現在是120多個國家和地區的最大貿易夥伴。我想未來15年，這個數字還要進一步擴大。 In recent years, China has been contributing more than 30% to world economic growth. More and more Chinese are trading, investing, studying or holidaying abroad. As of 2017, there were more than 30,000 Chinese companies, about one million Chinese contract workers and 1.37 million Chinese students all over the world. A recent demonstration of China's resolve to share its development benefits with the world is the first China International Import Expo held last November. This was the first-ever national-level Expo dedicated solely to import. In the coming 15 years, China will strive to realise socialist modernisation. And in this process, China plans to import 24 trillion dollars of goods and open up a 2-trillion-dollar market for foreign direct investment. China is already the largest trading partner of more than 120 countries and regions. I believe that this figure will become bigger in the next 15 years.
第二個是「BUILDER」，中國要做人類命運共同體的「構建者」。 Second, China will be a "builder" of a community with a shared future for mankind.
中國的成功發展得益於和平的國際環境，中國的未來發展仍需要穩定的外部環境。當前，世界正面臨百年未有之大變局，單邊主義、保護主義肆虐，不穩定性不確定因素增多，地區熱點問題此起彼伏，恐怖主義、網絡安全、重大傳染性疾病、氣候變化等非傳統安全威脅持續蔓延，人類社會面臨許多共同挑戰。沒有哪個國家能夠獨自應對這些挑戰，也沒有哪個國家能夠退回自我封閉的孤島。 China's success is attributable to a peaceful international environment. Going forward, China will still need a stable international environment to achieve greater success.
The world is undergoing profound changes unseen in a century:
Unilateralism and protectionism are raging; Instabilities and uncertainties are rising; Regional hotspot issues keep cropping up; Non-traditional security threats such as terrorism, cyber risks, pandemics and climate change continue to spread. These are the common challenges to human society. No country could address these challenges alone. Nor could anyone hide behind closed doors or retreat into isolation.
因此，中國呼籲各國攜手行動，維護世界和平、促進共同發展，推動建設相互尊重、公平正義、合作共贏的新型國際關係，構建人類命運共同體。 Therefore, China calls on all countries in the world to join hands. Together, we can:
Safeguard world peace and promote common development; Shape a new type of international relations featuring mutual respect, fairness, justice and win-win cooperation; And build a community with a shared future for mankind.
第三個是「BACKER」，中國要做現行國際秩序的「支持者」。 Third, China will be a "backer" of the existing international order.
中國與世界的關係已發生了歷史性變化，中國積極融入現行國際體系，參與了當今世界幾乎所有重要政府間國際組織，籤署了300多項國際公約，在全球治理體系中發揮著越來越重要的作用。當前，世界正處於重要十字路口，現行國際秩序面臨重大挑戰。在此形勢下，中國沒有迷惘，也沒有退縮，而是站在歷史發展進步的一邊，更加堅定地倡導自由貿易，更加明確地反對保護主義，堅決維護以聯合國為核心的多邊體制，堅決維護以世貿組織為基礎的多邊貿易體系。當然，中國亦深知現行國際秩序並不完美，支持對相關國際機構、多邊組織進行改革，但不贊同有的國家按照自己意願對國際規則隨意取捨。 The relationship between China and the world has seen historic changes as a result of China's vigorous integration with the existing international system. China has joined almost all the important inter-governmental organisations in the world and has signed more than 300 international conventions. It is playing an increasingly important role in the global governance system. The world has come to an important crossroads. The existing international order is facing severe challenges. China has not lost its way. China will not falter. China is looking forward, not backward, by firmly advocating free trade and opposing protectionism. China is upholding the multilateral regime with the UN at its core. China is safeguarding the multilateral trade system based on the WTO. Of course, the existing international order is not perfect. We know that all too well, and that's why we support reforms in the relevant international institutions and multilateral organisations. But we cannot agree with certain countries' cherry-picking international rules at will.
第四個是「BRI」，中國要將「一帶一路」打造為各國合作共贏的重要平臺。 Fourth, China will promote "BRI" as an important platform for win-win cooperation between all countries.
中國提出「一帶一路」倡議，從根本上是為了解決發展不平衡、不可持續的問題，是中國經濟發展到新階段的必然選擇，也是推進新一輪對外開放的重要抓手。「一帶一路」堅持共商共建共享原則，這既符合中國和平發展、合作共贏的外交政策，也是推動構建人類命運共同體的重要嘗試。 BRI stands for the Belt and Road Initiative. For China, proposing BRI is a natural step as its economy enters a new stage. It helps address China's own problems of imbalanced and unsustainable development. It is also an important measure in China's new round of opening up. BRI follows the principles of extensive consultation, joint contribution and shared benefits. These principles are in line with China's foreign policy which advocates peaceful development and win-win cooperation. BRI is an important effort in building a community with a shared future for mankind.
該倡議提出5年來，得到世界各國普遍歡迎，已經成為當今世界最受歡迎的公共產品和最大規模的合作平臺。目前已有150多個國家和國際組織與中國籤署「一帶一路」合作文件。2019年，中國對「一帶一路」提出新的更高要求，將全力辦好第二屆「一帶一路」國際合作高峰論壇，集中推進一批重大項目，推動「一帶一路」建設向著更高質量、更高標準、更高水平發展。 In the past five years since it was proposed, BRI has been warmly received around the world. It is now the world's most popular public goods and largest platform for cooperation. More than 150 countries and international organisations have signed agreements with China on BRI cooperation. In 2019, China will aim for higher goals in building BRI. We will do our best to make the second Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation a success. We will also push for progress in a number of key projects. These will ensure higher quality and higher standards at a higher level in BRI development.
女士們，先生們， Ladies and Gentlemen:
從我前面所講的四個「P」和「B」，大家可以看到，中國人民是愛好和平的人民，中國是致力於和平發展的國家。中國正以滿腔熱忱擁抱世界，熱情友好地和所有國家交朋友。我們也希望世界以同樣的姿態回應中國。我高興地看到，英國各界普遍認為中國發展對英國是機遇，英國民眾對中國的好感度在西方大國中位居前列。但世界上還有國家將中國的發展視為威脅，甚至提出與中國進行「新冷戰」，這種想法與世界大勢背道而馳。正如一句西方諺語所說，「如果你手裡拿著的是錘子，那你眼裡看到的也只能是釘子。」 I hope from the above four P's and four B's, you will see that the Chinese people are peace-loving people. China is a country that is committed to peaceful development. China wants to embrace the world and wishes to make friends with all countries. We hope that the world will respond in the same spirit. I am pleased to see that there is a broad consensus in Britain that China's development is an opportunity for the UK. I am also pleased that here in Britain, China enjoys a higher favourability rating than in most other major Western countries. To those who insist on calling China's development a threat, and even clamouring for a "new cold war", I would say that they are going against the trend of the times. For such a mind set, there could be no better description than this western saying, which goes, "If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail."
「天下大勢，浩浩蕩蕩，順之者昌，逆之者亡」。在世界大變局中，只有保持開放包容，堅持合作共贏，才能把握歷史發展大勢，抓住歷史變革機遇，共同推動人類社會發展進步。牛津劍橋兩大名校桃李滿天下，聲譽遍全球。我衷心希望牛津劍橋俱樂部能發揮積極作用，增進世界對中國的了解，推動中英兩國人民抓住歷史機遇，攜手書寫中英關係「黃金時代」新篇章，共同為構建人類命運共同體做出貢獻。 This reminds me of a famous saying by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, which goes, "The trend of the times moves on like a mighty river. It is our choice to go along and prosper, or go against it and perish". Now we are in the 21st century, faced with the profound changes in the world. Countries must go along with the historic trend by remaining open and inclusive, and engaging in win-win cooperation, seize the historic opportunities for reform, and achieve progress for all mankind. Oxford and Cambridge, as world-renowned, prestigious institutions, have outstanding alumni all over the world. I sincerely hope that the Oxford and Cambridge Club will play a positive role in helping the world understand China. I also hope that you will bring the people of our two countries along to seize the historic opportunities, work together to write a new chapter of the China-UK "Golden Era" and contribute to building a community with a shared future for mankind.
謝謝！ Thank you!
【小百科】
牛津劍橋俱樂部是由1821年成立的牛津大學俱樂部和1830年成立的劍橋大學俱樂部合併成立的，會員包括牛津大學和劍橋大學在校生和畢業生。現有會員4500人，遍布全球。
歷史上，英國首相帕默斯頓、威靈頓公爵，詩人艾略特和小說家薩克雷等都曾是俱樂部會員。目前，英國女王丈夫愛丁堡公爵、查爾斯王儲、丹麥女王瑪格麗特二世、挪威國王哈拉爾五世、比利時國王菲利普等均為俱樂部榮譽會員。
該俱樂部定期邀請全球政商學界知名人士發表演講，丹麥女王瑪格麗特二世、挪威國王哈拉爾五世、英國司法大臣福爾克納、皇家學會主席納斯等曾在該俱樂部演講。
（來源：中華人民共和國駐英國大使館官網）
來源：中國駐英國大使館官網