法治︱What is Sexual Consent

2021-03-02 華政中外法律文獻中心

鮑某某被控性侵養女案引發持續熱議。

最高人民檢察院13日在官方微博發布消息稱,針對鮑某某涉嫌性侵一案,最高人民檢察院、公安部已派出聯合督導組赴山東,對該案辦理工作進行督導

The Supreme People's Procuratorate and the Ministry of Public Security said on Monday that they have dispatched a joint team to Shandong province to supervise the investigation of a case in which a former company executive was suspected of sexually assaulting his "adopted" teenage daughter.

隨著事件發酵,網上掀起了關於性侵犯和性教育等話題的大討論。

其中,#什麼是性同意#這一話題登上熱搜榜,截至14日中午,閱讀量達到7.2億。

性同意(sexual consent /kənˈsent/ 是指發生性行為前,獲得和給予對方明確的同意。

Sexual consent is consent to engage in sexual activity.

其中,consent(同意)是指用明確的語言或行為表示同意做某事

Consent is a clear and unambiguous agreement, expressed outwardly through mutually understandable words or actions, to engage in a particular activity.

Consent是通過互相都明確的語言或行為,表達出來的一種清晰明了、毫不含糊的意願,同意與之參與某種行為。

以下這個英國性教育短片打了一個生動的比方,雖然全程都在說「喝茶」,但看完你就能明白什麼是「性同意

關於性同意,有幾個重要的概念需要了解一下。

很多人並不清楚什麼樣的情況可以被定義為性侵,還有不少人覺得一方如果沒有奮力反抗,那就是半推半就,算不上被侵犯。

但實際上,沒有徵得明確的同意而發生的性行為,就是性侵。

Sexual assault is an act in which a person sexually touches another person without that person's consent, or coerces or physically forces a person to engage in a sexual act against their will.

性侵是指某人在未徵得他人同意的情況下,對其進行性接觸,或違抗其意願,脅迫或強迫其發生性關係。

所以,性侵併不一定像電影裡演的那樣,發生在陰暗的小巷子裡,受害者被壞人用槍指著頭,場面暴力血腥。性侵很有可能發生在信任的人之間。

It can be 「I trusted you」 violence. It can be husbands and wives, boyfriends and girlfriends, best friends, and first dates.

施暴者也可能是你信任的人。性侵可以發生在夫妻之間、男女朋友之間、好朋友之間、或是初次約會的相親對象之間。

性同意年齡,即the age of consent,指在法律上達到有能力同意與他人發生性關係的年齡。

The age of consent is the age at which a person is considered to be legally competent to consent to sexual acts.

低於這一年齡者,被視為沒有性同意能力,所以,無論其同意與否,成年人與之發生性關係都構成強姦

Consequently, an adult who engages in sexual activity with a person younger than the age of consent is unable to legally claim that the sexual activity was consensual, and such sexual activity may be considered child sexual abuse or statutory rape. 

所以,一個成年人與低於性同意年齡的人發生性關係,是不能夠合法地說這種性行為是雙方自願的,而會被視為兒童性虐待或法定強姦罪。

consensual /kənˈsenʃuəl/:一致同意的

statutory  /ˈstætʃətɔːri/ :法定的

我國的性同意年齡是14歲。至於14歲以上不滿18歲的未成年人,我國2013年頒布的《關於依法懲治性侵害未成年人犯罪的意見》也明確指出:

「對已滿十四周歲的未成年女性負有特殊職責的人員,利用其優勢地位或者被害人孤立無援的境地,迫使未成年被害人就範,而與其發生性關係的,以強姦罪定罪處罰。」

但中國政法大學教授羅翔認為,司法意見畢竟不是法律,其威懾力有限,有必要在刑法中增設濫用信任地位型強姦罪

當雙方存在特定關係,未成年人對特殊職責人員有關性的同意在法律中應視為無效,只要與未成年人發生性關係,特殊職責人員就應該以強姦罪論處

羅翔談利用特定地位性侵和所謂「師生戀」

羅翔認為,此處的特殊職責可以採納司法意見的規定,也即對未成年人負有監護、教育、訓練、救助、看護、醫療等特殊職責的人員。

過去同意與人發生關係,不代表現在也同意。而且任何一方都有權隨時撤回同意。

You can withdraw consent at any point if you feel uncomfortable. It’s important to clearly communicate to your partner that you are no longer comfortable with this activity and wish to stop.

如果你覺得事情發展到讓你感到不適,就可以隨時收回之前的同意。所以,你要很明確地告訴對方,自己對於這種行為感到不舒服,希望停止。

劍橋大學Cambridge for Consent組織稱:

There is no evidential correlation between any types of clothing and rape cases.

並沒有確鑿的證據表明,穿什麼樣的衣服和強姦案件之間有關聯。

就算是有,這也不應當成為被害者被指責的原因。女孩穿著再性感,也不代表她就同意和別人發生關係。

No clothing 「asks」 for rape, because rape by nature is non-consensual.

沒有哪種穿著是想招來強姦,因為強姦的本質是未經同意的侵犯。

所以,勸告女孩們保守穿衣的人們也許出於好心,但卻無法解決根本問題。

A culture that tells its children not to wear certain clothes isn’t solving the problem, but placing the responsibility on the wrong group.

人們告誡孩子們不要穿某種服裝,這樣的文化對於解決問題無濟於事,它只是把責任強加於受害群體之上。

一個人喝了酒,並不代表他/她就應當被性騷擾。

遇到一方醉酒,另一方的正確做法請了解一下:

If someone is not in a fit state of mind due to intoxication from alcohol or drugs, your priority should be to look after them and make sure that they are okay – not to exploit them and take advantage of them. 

如果有人因為酒精或藥物的麻醉而神志不清,你首先要做的是照顧他們,確保他們無恙,而不是趁人之危、佔人便宜。

intoxication  /ɪnˌtɒksɪˈkeɪʃən/:醉酒;中毒

exploit /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/:剝削

原因很簡單:

Somebody unconscious or asleep is similarly unable to consent to sex.

頭腦不清醒或睡著的人是無法同意與人發生關係的。

希望大家了解這些概念,保護自己,也尊重他人。

同時,早早地給孩子開始性教育和防性侵教育吧。

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