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兒童嬉戲玩耍的重要性

THE IMPORTANCE OF CHILDREN』S PLAY

Brick by brick, six-year-old Alice is building a magical kingdom. Imagining fairy-tale turrets and fire-breathing dragons, wicked witches and gallant heroes, she 』 s creating an enchanting world. Although she isn’t aware of it, this fantasy is helping her take her first steps towards her capacity for creativity and so it will have important repercussions in her adult life.

一塊又一塊積木，六歲的Alice正在搭建一個魔法王國。通過想像那些童話故事裡的塔樓和噴火的巨龍、邪惡的巫師和勇敢的英雄，她在創造一個充滿神秘魅力的世界。儘管她自己並沒有意識到這一點，但這種天馬行空的幻想正在幫助她邁出創造力的最初幾步，從而將會對她今後的成年生活產生重要的影響。

Minutes later, Alice has abandoned the kingdom in favour of playing schools with her younger brother. When she bosses him around as his 『 teacher 』 , she ’s practising how to regulate her emotions through pretence. Later on, when they tire of this and settle down with a board game, she’s learning about the need to follow rules and take turns with a partner.

幾分鐘之後，Alice 拋下了這個王國，開始和她的小弟弟玩起了假裝上學的遊戲。當她扮演他的「老師」指揮他幹這幹那的時候，她是在通過這種假扮行為練習如何控制自己的情緒。再後來，等他們玩膩了這個遊戲，坐下來開始進行一局棋盤遊戲的時候，她是在學習了解： 需要遵守規則並與搭檔交替出手。

『Play in all its rich variety is one of the highest achievements of the human species,』 says Dr David Whitebread from the Faculty of Education at the University of Cambridge, UK. 『It underpins how we develop as intellectual, problem-solving adults and is crucial to our success as a highly adaptable species.』

「玩耍嬉戲，以其各種各樣的豐富形式，是人類這個物種最偉大的成就之一，」英國劍橋大學教育系的 David Whitebread 博士這樣說。「它為我們如何成長為有智慧、能解決問題的成年人奠定了基礎，也對我們成功地成為一個有著高度適應能力的物種起著至關重要的作用。

Recognising the importance of play is not new: over two millennia ago, the Greek philosopher Plato extolled its virtues as a means of developing skills for adult life, and ideas about play-based learning have been developing since the 19th century.

對遊戲之重要性的認可並非什麼新鮮事：兩千多年以前，希臘哲學家柏拉圖(Plato)就熱烈讚美了它的好處，認為它是為成年生活開發各項技能的手段，而自從19世紀以來就不斷在發展出各種寓學習於遊戲的理念。

But we live in changing times, and Whitebread is mindful of a worldwide decline in play, pointing out that over half the people in the world now live in cities. 『The opportunities for free play, which I experienced almost every day of my childhood, are becoming increasingly scarce,』he says. Outdoor play is curtailed by perceptions of risk to do with traffic, as well as parents』increased wish to protect their children from being the victims of crime, and by the emphasis on 『earlier is better』 which is leading to greater competition in academic learning and schools.

但我們生活在變化中的時代裡，而 Whitebread 注意到了玩耍這件事在全球範圍內的縮減，他指出：全世界有一半以上的人口現在居住在城市裡。「自由玩耍，我在童年裡幾乎每天都有機會體驗，現在卻正變得越來越稀缺，」他說道。戶外玩耍活動之所以被削減，是出於對交通事故風險的擔憂，以及家長們逐漸攀升的、保護自己孩子不受犯罪行為侵害的願望，同時還由於當前對「更早就是更好」的強調，這導致了在學科學習和學校中更激烈的競爭。

International bodies like the United Nations and the European Union have begun to develop policies concerned with children 』 s right to play, and to consider implications for leisure facilities and educational programmes. But what they often lack is the evidence to base policies on.

諸如聯合國和歐盟這樣的國際組織己經開始著手制定一些關注兒童遊戲權利的政策，並開始考慮這對休閒設施和教育項目所產生的連帶影響。但他們通常所缺少的是賴以制定各項政策的證據。

『 The type of play we are interested in is child-initiated, spontaneous and unpredictable - but, as soon as you ask a five-year-old 「to play」, then you as the researcher have intervened,』 explains Dr Sara Baker. 『And we want to know what the long-term impact of play is. It’s a real challenge.』

「我們所感興趣的那類遊戲是兒童自己開啟的、自發進行的和不可預測的——但是，一且你讓一個五歲大的孩子『去玩兒吧』，那你作為研究者就已經是進行了幹預，」Sara Baker 博士這樣解釋。「而我們想要了解遊戲的長線影響是什麼。這是個真正的挑戰。」

Dr Jenny Gibson agrees, pointing out that although some of the steps in the puzzle of how and why play is important have been looked at, there is very little data on the impact it has on the child’s later life.

Jenny Gibson 博士表示同意並指出：雖然在遊戲究竟何等重要、以及為什麼如此重要這個謎題中，有一些階段已經得到了審視研究，然而在它對兒童之後的人生究竟產生何種影響這個方面，還是數據寥寥。

Now, thanks to the university’s new Centre for Research on Play in Education, Development and Learning (PEDAL), Whitebread, Baker, Gibson and a team of researchers hope to provide evidence on the role played by play in how a child develops.

現在，多虧了這所大學新成立的「教育發展學習型遊戲研究中心」(簡稱 PEDAL)Whitebread、 Baker、Gibson 這些人和一支研究團隊希望能提供出證據，展示遊戲在一個兒童成長的過程中到底扮演何種角色。

『A strong possibility is that play supports the early development of children’s self-control,』 explains Baker. 『This is our ability to develop awareness of our own thinking processes — it influences how effectively we go about undertaking challenging activities.』

「存在這樣一種極大的可能性：遊戲助力了兒童自我控制的早期發展階段，」Baker 解釋說。「這種能力使我們有意識地關注自我的思考過程一一它影響到了我們能多有效率地去從事各種富於挑戰的活動。

In a study carried out by Baker with toddlers and young pre-schoolers, she found that children with greater self-control solved problems more quickly when exploring an unfamiliar set-up requiring scientific reasoning. 『This sort of evidence makes us think that giving children the chance to play will make them more successful problem-solvers in the long run.』

Baker 博士在一項對幼兒和學齡前兒童展開的研究中發現：在探索一個需要引入科學分析的陌生領域時，有著更強自控力的兒童能更快地解決問題。「這類證據令我們確信，給予兒童嬉戲玩耍的機會從更長遠來看將會讓他們成長為更成功的問題解決者。」

If playful experiences do facilitate this aspect of development, say the researchers, it could be extremely significant for educational practices, because the ability to self-regulate has been shown to be a key predictor of academic performance.

研究者們認為，如果遊戲體驗確實能促進這個方面的發展，這對於教育領域該如何舉動來說就是極度重要的，因為已經有證據證明：自我管控能力是學業成就高低的一個關鍵性預示因素。

Gibson adds:『Playful behaviour is also an important indicator of healthy social and emotional development. In my previous research, I investigated how observing children at play can give us important clues about their well-being and can even be useful in the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders like autism.』

Gibson 補充說：「遊戲行為還是健康的社交和情感發展的一個重要指標。在先前的研究中， 我曾了解過觀察遊戲中的兒童如何可以為我們提供重要線索，從而看出他們是否處在良好的成長狀態，甚至還能為診斷出例如自閉症這樣的神經發展失調問題提供幫助。」

Whitebread’s recent research has involved developing a play-based approach to upporting children’s writing. 『Many primary school children find writing difficult,but we showed in a previous study that a playful stimulus was far more effective than an instructional one.』 Children wrote longer and better-structured stories when they first played with dolls representing characters in the story. In the latest study, children first created their story with Lego*, with similar results. 『 Many teachers commented that they had always previously had children saying they didn』 t know what to write about. With the Lego building, however, not a single child said this through the whole year of the project.』

Whitebread 最近的研究是創立一個基於遊戲的方法來培養兒童的寫作能力。「很多小學生都覺得寫作很難，但是我們在先前的一項研究中證明：一個遊戲性的剌激遠比一個教學性的 剌激有效得多。」如果孩子們跟代表故事中各個角色的娃娃們玩兒過，他們就能寫出更長和更有條理的故事來。在最近的研究中，孩子們先用樂高積木創造出了自己的故事，之後的結 果也是類似的。「很多教師評價說，他們先前總是遇到一些孩子說自己不知道該寫些什麼。 然而，用了搭樂高積木的法子以後，在這個項目整整一年的時期裡，沒有一個孩子再這樣說過。」

Whitebread, who directs PEDAL, trained as a primary school teacher in the early 1970s, when, as he describes, 『the teaching of young children was largely a quiet backwater, untroubled by any serious intellectual debate or controversy.』 Now, the landscape is very different, with hotly debated topics such as school starting age.

Whitebread 現在是PEDAL中心的主任，他在20世紀70年代早期接受了小學教師的培訓， 他這樣描述那個時候的情況：「幼兒教育這個領域在當時基本上是一潭死水，不會受到任何 嚴肅學術討論或矛盾爭辯的擾動。」現在，情況變得極其不同，出現了備受熱烈討論的話題， 例如開始上學的年齡。

『Somehow the importance of play has been lost in recent decades. It’s regarded as something trivial, or even as something negative that contrasts with 「work」. Let』 s not lose sight of its benefits, and the fundamental contributions it makes to human achievements in the arts, sciences and technology. Let’s make sure children have a rich diet of play experiences.』

「不知怎的，玩耍嬉戲在近幾十年間失去了其重要性。它被視作某種微不足道的，甚至是負面的、有悖於『努力發奮』的行為。我們千萬不要忽視了它的益處，以及它對人類在藝術、 科學和技術領域中取得成就所產生的根本性貢獻。讓我們確保孩子們能享有遊戲體驗的豐富大餐吧。」