句子成分的定義:構成句子的各個部分叫做句子成分。句子的成分有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、定語、狀語、補足語和同位語。
(一)主語:主語由名詞性的詞來充當,它是句子所要說明的人或事物,是一句的主體,一般位於句首。但在there be結構、疑問句和倒裝句中,主語位於謂語、助動詞或情態動詞後面。主語可由名詞、代詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等表示。
例如:
English is an important language.(名詞)
we study English.(代詞)
Two thirds of us in our class are boys.(數詞)
To swim in the river is dangerous.(不定式)
Speaking in class is not allowed. (動名詞)
The rich should help the poor.(名詞化的形容詞)
Where we are going to have a trip has not been decided.(主語從句)
It is necessary to master(精通) a foreign
language.(it作形式主語,真正的主語為後面的不定式)
(二)謂語:謂語由動詞充當。 謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特徵和狀態。動詞在句中作謂語,一般放在主語之後。
謂語的構成如下:
I study English.(動詞study)
You must finish the homework first. (情態動詞 must加動詞原形 finish)
We are students. (系動詞are加表語students)
He has caught a bad cold.(助動詞has加動詞過去分詞caught)
(三)表語:表語使用形容詞充當。表語用以說明主語的身份、特徵和狀態,它一般位於系動詞(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn,
seem等)之後。表語一般由名詞、代詞、形容詞、分詞、數詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及表語從句表示。
例如:
His father is a worker.(名詞worker)
That classroom is ours.(代詞ours)
Our classroom is clean(形容詞clean)
The speech is exciting.(分詞)
Three times seven is twenty one?(數詞)
His job is to teach English.(不定式)
His hobby is playing football.(動名詞)
The machine must be out of order.(介詞短語)
Time is up. The class is over.(副詞)(副詞可以做表語的只有幾個)
The truth is that he has never been abroad.(表語從句)
(四)賓語:賓語表示動作的對象或承愛者。賓語由名詞性的詞充當,賓語分為動詞賓語和介詞賓語,分別構成動賓結構和介詞結構,一般位於及物動詞和介詞後面。
例如:I love music.(名詞)
How many appIes do you have? I have five.(數詞)
They helped the old with their housework yesterday.(名詞化形容詞)
He pretended not to see me.(不定式短語)
I enjoy listening to popular music.(動名詞短語)
I think(that)he is fit for his office.(賓語從句)
Give me a pen.(間接賓語+直接賓語)
They elected him their monitor. (賓語+賓補)
The medicine is good for her.(代詞her作賓語)
They don't work on Sunday.(Sunday作介詞
on的賓語)
(五)賓語補足語:英語中有些及物動詞,除有一個直接賓語以外,還要有一個賓語補語,才能使句子的意義完整。帶有賓語補足語的一般句型為:某些及物動詞(如make等+賓語+賓補)。賓補可由名詞、形容詞、副詞、不定式、分詞、介詞短語和從句充當。
例如:
His father named him Daming.(名詞)
We painted the wall white.(形容詞)
Let the fresh air in.(副詞)
You mustn’t force him to lend his money to
you.(不定式短語)
I saw her passing our classoom.(現在分詞)
We found everything in the lab in good order.(介詞短語)
We will soon make our city what your city is
now.(從句)
(六)定語:修飾名詞或代詞的詞、短語或從句稱為定語。定語使用形容詞。單詞作定語,一般放在被修飾語的前面,短語和從句作定語則放在被修飾語的後面。
如:
Li Hong is an excellent teacher. (形容詞excellent作定語)
The school library has many books on agriculture.(many和on agriculture,都修飾books,many在books的前面,on agriculture則在它的後面)
(七)狀語:狀語修飾動詞、形容詞、副詞或整個句子,說明被修飾者的動作或狀態特徵。修飾形容詞或副詞的狀語放在被修飾語之前;修飾動詞的狀語有的放在動詞之前,有的放在動詞之後。如動詞有賓語,狀語一般須放在賓語之後。
如:
Lingling does well in Chinese.(副詞well作狀語)
Guilin is very beautiful.(very為狀語,修飾形容詞beautiful,放在beautiful之前)
I didn't know Tan Dun well.(well為狀語,修飾動詞know,放在know之後)
My parents and I often go on a picnic.(often為狀語,修飾動詞go,放在它的前面)
The students do exercise every morning.(every morning為狀語,修飾動詞do,
在賓 語exercise之後)
He has lived in the city for two years.(介詞短語)
He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.(不定式短語)
He is in the room making a model plane.(分詞短語)
Wait a minute.(名詞)
Once you begin, you must continue.(狀語從句)
[注]虛詞(冠詞,介詞,連詞和感嘆詞)在句子中一律不能作為句子成分。
(八)冠詞, 冠詞在名詞之前。
如:
I met a friend at the bus-stop.
(九)介詞,介詞一般也放在名詞或代詞之前。
如:
There is a map of China on the wall.
(十)連詞,連詞一般放在同類的詞、短語或從句之間。
如:
They worked quickly and efficiently.
He works just as hard as everyone else although he is over sixty.
(十一)感嘆詞, 感嘆詞常放在句子最前面。如:
Oh,it's you!啊,是你呀!