Unit 5 TEXT A
Spend or Save —The Student's Dilemma
New words
manipulate
vt.
make sb. think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceivingor influencing them 操縱，控制（某人的思想和行為）
You have the constant feeling you are being manipulated byadvertisements. 你總有一種被廣告操縱的感覺。
He was one of those men who like to manipulate people. 他是那種喜歡操縱人的男人。
defy
vt.
1 happen in a way that is different from what usu. happens or what you expect 違反
This celebration of Thanksgiving defies tradition. 這個感恩節慶典儀式沒有遵循傳統。
people who openly defy the law 公然以身試法的人
children openly defying their teachers 公然違抗他們老師的孩子
2 refuse to obey sb. or sth. 違抗；不服從
Despite the strike vote, a few workers have defied themajority decision and returned to work. 儘管經過了罷工表決，幾個工人還是不顧大多數人的決定，回去上班了。
contradict
v.
disagree and cannot both be true in two statements, two pieces of evidence, twostories, etc. 與…牴觸；與…矛盾；違背
The article flatly contradicts their claims. 這篇文章與他們的主張截然相反。
Deborah opened her mouth to contradict her mother’sinstructions to clean her room, but then she quickly closed it again. 黛博拉張開嘴想她媽媽要她打掃房間的指示予以反抗，但隨即又閉上了。
Dad just can’t bear to be contradicted. 爸爸只是不能忍受被反駁。
recession
n.
[C, U] a difficult time when there is less trade, business activity, etc. in acountry than usual （經濟）衰退，蕭條
There is a deep recession in the UK. 英國陷入了嚴重的經濟衰退。
the economic recession of the early 1980s 20世紀80年代初的經濟衰退
grave
a.
very great, bad (problems, situation or worries) 嚴重的；重大的；嚴峻的
The report expressed grave concern over the technicians』lack of training. 該報告對技術人員缺乏培訓一事極為關注。
Matthew’s life is in grave danger. 馬修的生活處於嚴重的危險之中。
I have grave doubts about his ability. 我對他的能力表示極大的懷疑。
n.
[C] the place in the ground where a dead body is buried 墳墓；墓穴
At the head of the grave, there was a small wooden cross. 墓穴上端有一個小的木製十字架。
nasty
a.
extremely unkind and unpleasant (behavior or remarks) 不友善的；不好的；惡毒的
Many drivers think that most passengers are very pleasant,although occasionally they can be nasty. 很多司機認為，雖然偶然會有一些乘客不太友善，但大部分的乘客都很和藹友好。
This girl appears very sweet, but be careful, there’s anasty side in her character. 那個女孩看上去很甜，可是要小心，她的性格中有不友善的一面。
tone
n.
[C] the way your voice sounds, which shows how you are feeling or what you mean（說話的）語氣，口氣，腔調
「You must be Annie,」 he said in a friendly tone. 他以友好的語氣說道：「你一定是安妮。」
There was urgency in his tone. 他的語氣中有一種急切感。
Her tone was sharp with anger. 她的語氣尖刻，帶著氣憤。
It was obvious from her tone of voice that she didn’t likeme. 從她的語氣判斷，很明顯她不喜歡我。
resume
v.
(fml.) start doing sth. again after stopping or being interrupted, or an activity or process starts again after a pause （中斷之後）繼續，重新開始
She hopes to resume her career after the baby is born. 她希望生完孩子後繼續工作。
The rebels have resumed hostilities against governmenttroops. 叛亂分子繼續與政府軍為敵。
He will resume training as soon as his injury has healed. 傷勢一有好轉，他就會繼續訓練。
Peace talks will resume tomorrow. 和平談判明天重新啟動。
depiction
n.
[C, U] a description of sth. using words or pictures 描寫；描述；描繪
The painter’s depictions of the horror of war won her aworldwide reputation. 那位畫家對戰爭的恐怖所進行的描繪讓她享譽全球。
I disapprove of the depiction of violence on television. 我不贊成在電視上表現暴力。
gap
n. [C]
1 a big difference between two situations, amounts, and groups of people, etc. 差距；差額；差別
On television, we can see many demonstrations against theever-growing gap between the 「super rich」 and the 「struggling middleclass」. 我們在電視上可以看到許多示威活動，抗議「超級富豪」和「掙扎的中產階級」之間的差距越來越大。
the widening gap between the rich and the poor 貧富之間越來越大的差距
2 a space between two objects or two parts of an object, esp. because sth. ismissing 缺口；開口；裂縫
The neighbors』 dog got into our yard through a gap in thefence. 鄰居的狗從籬笆的缺口鑽進了我們的院子。
paradox
n.
[C] a situation that seems strange because it involves two ideas or qualitiesthat are very different 自相矛盾（的情況）
odds
n.
[pl.] (at ~ with) if things are at odds with each other, they are different or opposite when they should be the same （與某物）不一致，相矛盾
Her version of the events was at odds with the policereport. 她對事件的說法跟警方的報告不一致。
perspective
n.
[C] a way of thinking about sth. （思考問題的）角度，觀點，想法
His father's death gave him a whole new perspective onlife. 父親的離世讓他對生活有了全新的看法。
The novel is written from a child’s perspective. 這部小說是從一個孩子的角度寫的。
upright
a.
1 always behaving in an honest way 正直的；誠實的
He was a good, honest and upright man. 他是一位誠實、正直的好人。
2 standing or sitting straight up 垂直的；筆直的
Katie was still awake, sitting upright staring at thetelevision. 凱蒂還醒著，筆挺地坐在那裡，盯著電視看。
The chimpanzee stood upright and grasped the bars of itscage. 黑猩猩抓住籠子的鐵柵直直地站著。
urge
vt.
advise sb. very strongly about what action or attitude they should take 極力勸告；敦促；催促
The charity urged everyone involved to take quick action. 該慈善機構敦促每個相關的人迅速採取行動。
I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch with her.我收到莫伊拉的一封簡訊，要我與她保持聯繫。
I have urged him to keep this information secret. 我要他對這個信息保密。
suspend
vt.
1 officially stop sth. from continuing, esp. for a short time 暫停；中止
The charity urged everyone involved to take quick action. 該慈善機構敦促每個相關的人迅速採取行動。
Talks between the two countries have now been suspended. 兩國間的對話現已中止。
2 make sb. leave their school or job for a short time, esp. because they havebroken the rules （尤指因違規）使…暫時停學（停職）
Dave was suspended from school for a week. 戴夫被停學一個星期。
The two police officers have been suspended until anenquiry is carried out. 那兩名警察被暫時停職。
appetite
n.
1 [C] a desire or liking for a particular activity 欲望；愛好
She has an amazing appetite for knowledge. 她有極強的求知慾。
People seem to have an insatiable appetite (= alwayswanting more of something) for news of any kind. 人們對任何一種新聞都好像有永不滿足的欲望。
2 [C, usu. sing., U] a desire for food 胃口；食慾
She has an amazing appetite for knowledge. 她有極強的求知慾。
Her husband always had a huge appetite for meat. 她的丈夫對肉總是有很大的胃口。
disguise
vt.
change one’s appearance so that people cannot recognize him 裝扮；假扮
Disguised as a priest, the refugee escaped across theborder. 假扮成神父的模樣，這個難民越境逃走了。
The proposal is a thinly disguised effort to revive pricecontrols of the 1970s. 該提案一眼就可以看出是想恢復20世紀70年代的價格管制。
invade
v.
1 go into a place in large numbers, esp. when you are not wanted （尤指不受歡迎地）大量湧入，蜂擁而至
Every summer, the quiet seaside town is invaded bytourists. 每年夏天，這個安靜的海邊小鎮都有大量遊客湧入。
Fans invaded the playing field at half time. 球迷在中場休息時湧入了球場。
The rock singer was so popular that fans invaded his stageduring almost every one of his shows. 這位搖滾歌手是如此受歡迎，以致在他表演每個節目時，歌迷們幾乎都會湧上舞臺。
2 enter a country, town, or area using military force, in order to take controlof it 武力入侵；侵略；侵佔
The Romans invaded Britain 2,000 years ago. 兩千年前，古羅馬人入侵了英國。
utmost
n.
[sing.] the most that can be done 極度；極限；最大可能
Both runners had pushed themselves physically andpsychologically to the utmost. 兩個賽跑運動員從體力上和心理上都盡了最大的努力。
cereal
n.
[C, U] a breakfast food made from grain and usu. eaten with milk （通常與牛奶一起吃、作為早餐的）穀類食品
cruise
n.
[C] a holiday on a large ship 乘船度假
shortage
n.
[C, U] a situation in which there is not enough of sth. that people need 短缺；不足；缺乏
You may go ahead with the project; there is no shortage offunds. 你們可以繼續進行這個項目，資金並不缺乏。
cement
vt.
make a relationship, idea, etc. stronger or more certain 加強，鞏固（關係、看法等）
Our union leaders want to cement a good workingrelationship between the government and labor unions. 我們的工會領導想加強政府和工會之間良好的工作關係。
Nothing cements a friendship between countries as much assuccessful trade. 沒有東西像成功的貿易那樣能加強兩國之間的友誼。
At the company’s celebration, new friendships were made andold ones were cemented. 在公司的慶祝會上建立了新的友誼，也鞏固了舊的關係。
n.[U] 水泥
derive
vt.
receive or obtain sth. from sth. else （從某物中）得到，獲得
Medically, we will derive great benefit from this newtechnique. 從醫學的角度來講，我們將從這一新技術中受益匪淺。
Many students derived enormous satisfaction from theintroduction to art course. 許多學生從這門藝術入門課程中得到了巨大的滿足。
v.
develop or come from sth. else 源自；源於
Many words in the English language are derived from Latin. 英語中的很多詞來源於拉丁文。
These defensive behavior patterns derive from oursubconscious fears. 這些防禦行為模式源自於我們潛意識的恐懼。
nourish
vt.
give a person or other living thing the food and other substances they need inorder to live, grow, and stay healthy 滋養；給…營養
The cream contains vitamin A to nourish the skin. 這種護膚霜含滋養皮膚的維生素A。
Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish themwell. 孩子們需要大量的新鮮食物來很好地滋養他們。
compact
a.
small, but arranged so that everything fits neatly into the space available 小而緊湊的
The students』 rooms were compact, with a desk, bed, and abuilt-in closet. 學生的房間很小巧，配有一張書桌，一張床和一個壁櫥。
explicit
a.
expressed in a way that is very clear and direct 清楚明確的；直截了當的
When you write instructions, you've got to be direct andexplicit to make everything rightly understood. 寫說明書時必須清楚明確，一目了然。
The kidnappers gave us explicit instructions not to involvethe police. 綁架者給我們發出明確指令, 不許報警。
Always try to be explicit when you talk about money withyour family. 與家人談到金錢時，要儘量直截了當。
echo
vt.
repeat an idea or opinion because you agree with it 附和（別人的觀點）
Lily and Lucy are twins, and their views often echo eachother. 莉莉和露西是一對雙胞胎，她們的意見常互相呼應。
The article echoed the NRA’s arguments against gun control.這篇文章附和了美國全國步槍協會反對槍枝管控的觀點。
vi.
if a sound echoes, you hear it again because it was made near sth. such as awall or hill （聲音）迴響；發出回聲
Though she has been dead, her sweet, soothing love songsstill echo in Chinese restaurants, shops and taxis worldwide. 雖然她已去世，她那甜美、舒緩的情歌仍然迴蕩在世界各地的中國餐館、商店和計程車上。
The sound of an engine echoed back from the thick forest. 茂密的森林裡傳來引擎的回聲。
stock
1 [C] an amount of sth. that you keep so that you can use it when you need it 儲備；儲備物
He keeps a stock of medicines in the cupboard. 他在柜子裡存了一些藥品。
The country has been building up its stock of weapons. 這個國家一直在增加武器儲備。
It is now halfway through winter and food stocks arealready low. 現在冬天才過了一半，可糧食庫存已經不多了。
2 [C, usu. pl.] one of the equal parts into which the value of a company isdivided 股份
They own 20% of the company’s stock. 他們擁有該公司20%的股份。
the trading of stocks and shares 股份和股票交易
scatter
v.
throw or drop over a wide area in an irregular way 撒
The flowers fell and scattered on the ground. 這些花掉下來，撒了一地。
Scatter the onions over the fish. 把洋蔥撒在魚上面。
scattered
a.
spread over a large area 散布的；分散的
The sky is fascinating with scattered stars. 天空中繁星點點，令人驚異。
Broken glass lay scattered over the floor. 碎玻璃散了一地。
There will be some scattered showers (= short periods ofrain) in the afternoon. 下午將有零星陣雨。
a widely scattered set of islands 分布廣泛的島嶼
retain
vt.
keep sth. or continue to have sth. 保留；保有；繼續擁有
You have the right to retain the goods you bought. 你有權保留你買的這些物品。
To protect public health, the state wants to retain controlover food imports. 為了保護公共健康，這個州想保留對食品進口的控制權。
well-being
n.
[U] a feeling of being comfortable, healthy and happy 舒適，健康，幸福
Our health and well-being are determined by numerous daily factors. 我們的健康和福祉是由眾多的日常因素決定的。
ingredient
n. [C]
1 a quality you need to achieve sth. （完成某事的）要素，因素
Investment in new product development is an essentialingredient of corporate success. 注入資金進行新產品的開發是公司成功的重要因素。
John has all the ingredients of a great player. 約翰具備了一個優秀運動員的所有素質。
2 one of the foods that you use to make a particular food or dish （烹調用的）成分，原料
The food is home-cooked and only fresh ingredients wereused. 食物是自製的，只使用了新鮮的食材。
Combine all the ingredients in a large bowl. 把所有原料都放在一個大碗裡。
The basic ingredients for concrete are cement, sand andwater. 混凝土的基本成分是水泥、沙子和水。
hinder
vt.
make it difficult for sth. to develop or succeed 阻礙；妨礙；阻止
People are very frustrated that these new policies willhinder rather than help families. 人們感到十分沮喪，這些新政策將阻礙而不是幫助家庭。
Succeeding in his athlete career has been hindered by asevere injury to his back. 他背部嚴重的傷勢阻礙了他運動員生涯的成功。
Most of the students are able to consult English dictionaries when they see unknown words. 大部分學生看到生詞都能夠查閱英文字典。
consult
v.
(also ~ with) ask for information or advice from sb. who has special knowledge about a particular subject 諮詢；請教
If symptoms persist, consult a doctor without delay. 如果症狀持續的話，馬上諮詢醫生。
input
n. [C, U]
1 help in the form of ideas, advice, or information, used in a process or inmaking a decision （想法、建議或信息的）投入，輸入
You should spend most of your time on reading and listening, because input is the most important way to develop your vocabulary. 你應該花大部分的時間在閱讀和聽力上，因為輸入是擴大你詞彙量的最重要的方式。
Farmers contributed most of the input for the survey. 農民為這份調查問卷貢獻了大部分的意見。
2 information that is put into a computer （輸入計算機的）信息，數據輸入
It is the job of a computer programmer to provide the computing system with all the input of the needed data. 電腦程式員的工作是給計算系統提供所需數據的信息。
option
n.
[C] a choice you can make in a particular situation 選擇；可選擇的東西
This was not the only option open to him. 這並非他的唯一選擇。
There are a number of options available. 有多種選擇。
administration
n.
1 [U] the process of being responsible for managing a business, organization,or institution 經營過程；管理過程
Health service spends too much on administration. 醫療服務部門在行政方面花費太多。
We’re looking for someone with experience in administrationfor our toy manufacturing company. 我們正在為我們的玩具製造公司找尋一個有管理經驗的人。
2 [C] the government of a country at a particular time （某一時期的）政府
The public welfare problems began under the ReaganAdministration but have been ignored by successive administrations. 公共福利方面的問題從裡根政府開始出現，但一直被後來的各屆政府所忽視。
the Kennedy Administration 甘迺迪政府
ego
n.
[C] the opinion that you have about yourself 自我；自我意識
The public welfare problems began under the ReaganAdministration but have been ignored by successive administrations. 公共福利方面的問題從裡根政府開始出現，但一直被後來的各屆政府所忽視。
Richard has the biggest ego (= thinks he is very clever andimportant) of anyone I』ve ever met. 理察是我所見過的最自負的人。
I thought I was well prepared but still received a lowgrade on my exam. Now I need someone to massage my 「bruised」 ego (= when you feel less confident than before). 我以為我準備得很好，可考試還是得了低分。現在我需要有人來安慰我受傷的自尊心。
urgent
a.
very important and needing to be dealt with immediately 緊急的；急迫的；需迅速處理的
An urgent message from my family told me to come home rightaway. 我家人給我捎來急信，讓我馬上回家。
After the two cars collided, the drivers were in urgentneed of medical attention. 這兩輛車相撞後，司機們迫切需要醫療救護。
The report called for urgent action to eliminate lead inpetrol. 報告呼籲迅速採取行動，消除汽油中的含鉛量。
urgently
ad.
緊急地；急迫地
The soldiers were urgently in need of food and medical supplies. Otherwise, they could only resist for two days. 士兵們迫切需要食物和醫療用品。否則，他們只能抵抗兩天。
tackle
vt.
try to deal with a difficult problem 處理，對付（難題）
The fire was so huge that it took 12 fire engines to tacklethe blaze. 火勢如此兇猛，動用了十二輛消防車才滅了火。
There is usually more than one way to tackle a problem. 解決一個問題的方法通常不止一個。
legal
a.
1 (only before noun) concerned with or relating to the law 法律的；與法律有關的
the legal system 法律體系
a long legal battle 漫長的法律爭訟
2 allowed, ordered, or approved by law 法律允許的；合法的；法律規定的
What the company has done is perfectly legal. 公司所做的一切是完全合法的。
In many European countries, carrying an identity card is alegal requirement. 在許多歐洲國家，攜帶身份證是法律所要求的。
When the police stopped him in his car, he had twice thelegal limit of alcohol in his bloodstream. 當警察攔住了他的車時，他血液中的酒精含量是法定限度的兩倍。
choppy
a.
having a lot of waves and being not smooth to sail on 波浪起伏的；波浪滔滔的
The small boat bobbed about on the choppy water. 小船在波浪起伏的水面上顛簸。
Phrases andexpressions
refer to
mention or speak about sb. or sth. 提到；談到
Although she didn't mention any names, everyone knew whoshe was reffering to. 儘管她沒有提到任何人的名字，但大家都知道她指的是誰。
do one's utmost
try as hard as possible 竭盡全力（做某事）
Beth was certain that she could rely on Tom in an emergency because he would do his utmost to help her. 貝絲肯定在緊急情況下她可以依靠湯姆，因為他會竭盡全力幫助她。
no shortage of
no lacking 不缺少；不缺乏
There's no shortage of ideas when it comes to improving the education of children. 說到改善兒童教育，並不缺乏想法。
derive sth. from sth.
get sth., esp. an advantage or a pleasant feeling, from sth. 得到，獲得（優勢或愉快的感受）
Many words in the English language are derived from Latin. 英語中的很多詞來源於拉丁文。
put off
delay doing sth. or arrange to do sth. at a later time or date, esp. because there is a problem or you do not want to do it now 推遲某事；使某事延期
Women who put off having a baby often make the bestmothers. 推遲要孩子的婦女經常是最好的母親。
The association has put the event off until October. 該協會已經把活動推遲到10月份。
take in
understand and remember new facts and information 領會；理解；記住
It was an interesting exhibition, but there was too much totake in all at once. 這是一個有趣的展覽，但要一下子記住所有的東西太多了。
take stock (of sth.)
think carefully about the things that have happened in a situation in order todecide what to do next （對形勢）作出估計（判斷）
We had to take stock of our position before we could decidewhat to do next. 我們在決定下一步做什麼之前，必須對我們的處境作出判斷。
While he was in the hospital, Jeremy took stock of hislife. 住院期間，傑裡米對自己的生活進行了反思。
consult with sb.
discuss sth. with sb. 與某人商量
The policy not to consult with employees of a particulargrade runs contrary to good industrial practices. 不能與某一等級的員工進行磋商的政策，與良好的勞資關係背道而馳。
on track
in a situation that is likely to lead to success 在（可能通向成功的）軌跡上
Everything is running according to our plan, so we're stillon track for 10% growth. 一切都在按照我們的計劃進行，所以我們仍有可能達到10%的增長率。
get into trouble
be in a situation with a lot of problems 處於困境
get in one’s way
block a road or one’s path so that they can’t move forward easily 擋著某人的路
Spend or save — The student's dilemma
花錢還是存錢，學生進退維谷
1Do you feel as confused and manipulated as I do with this question, "Should I spend or should I save?"I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense and contradicteach other.The government tells us to spend orwe'll never get out of the recession.At the same time, they tell us that unless we save more, our country is ingravedanger.Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send us credit card offers so we can spend more.
1 你是不是跟我一樣對「我應該花錢還是存錢」這個問題感到困惑，且有被操縱的感覺？我覺得我們從生活的環境裡所獲得的信息似乎是有違常識、互相矛盾的。政府告訴我們要花錢，否則我們將永遠走不出衰退；與此同時，他們又告訴我們，除非我們節省更多的錢，否則我們的國家會處於嚴重危險之中。銀行提供較高的利率以增加儲蓄。然後，同樣是這些銀行又提供信用卡讓我們可以花更多的錢。
2 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we getdemanding,nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like: "Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you'll bein trouble!"Then, as soonas we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us how valuable a customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending.Which depiction is correct: a failing consumer in trouble or avalued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous.
2 這裡還有一個大家熟悉的例子：如果我們不按時支付信用卡帳單，我們會收到從信用卡公司發來的類似這樣的令人討厭的催繳帳單的電子郵件：不還款是不可接受的。請立即繳付，否則後果自負！之後，一旦還款，我們就會收到一封跟進的電子郵件，語氣和藹可親，說我們是多麼寶貴的客戶，並鼓勵我們繼續花錢。到底哪一個描述是正確的？有麻煩的失敗消費者還是寶貴的客戶？這兩者之間可是天壤之別！
3The paradoxis that every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other.One is the"permissive"perspective, "Buy, spend, get it now. You need this!"The other we could call an "upright" message, which urges us, "Work hard and save.Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you truly need."This message comes to us from many sources: from school, from parents, even from political figures referring to"traditional values".Hard work, family loyalty, and the capacity to postpone desires are core American values that have made our country great.
3 自相矛盾的情況還有，我們每天都收到彼此相左的兩種信息。一種從「縱容」的角度，讓我們「買東西，花錢，現在就得到它。你需要這個！」 另外一種，我們可稱之為「正直」的信息，它力勸我們：「努力工作，把錢存起來。控制你的欲望，不要買奢侈品，不要垂涎那些你並不真正需要的東西。」 這類信息來源甚多，有學校方面的，有家長方面的，甚至還來自提及傳統價值觀的政治人物。艱苦創業，忠於家庭、能推遲欲望是美國價值觀的核心，它使我們的國家變得強大。
4But the opposite message, advertising's permissive message, is inescapable.Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere we look: on TV, in movies on printed media and road signs, in stores, and on busses, trains and subways. Advertisements invadeour daily lives. We are constantly surrounded by the message to spend, spend, spend.Someone recently said, "The only time you can escape advertising is when you're in your bed asleep!"
4 但相反的信息，即那些縱容人們不斷花錢的廣告，無所不在。雖然此類信息有時經過了喬裝打扮，但仍隨處可見，電視、電影、印刷媒介和路牌、商店，及公共汽車、火車和地鐵上，比比皆是。廣告侵入了我們的日常生活。我們時時被包圍在花錢，花錢，花錢的信息中。最近有人說：「唯一可以逃脫廣告的時候是當在床上睡著時！」
5It's been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will have seen 600,000 ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million.Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions, from the breakfast cereal weeat to which cruiseline we will use for our vacation.There is no short age of ideas and things to buy!Now, of course, we don't remember exactly what the products were, but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness, "It's good to satisfy your desires. You should have what you want. You deserve the best. So,you should buy it — now!"A famous advertisement said it perfectly, "I love me. I'm a good friend to myself. I do what makes me feel good. Iderive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I'll buy new ski equipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've always wanted. I live my dreams today, not tomorrow."
5 據計算，普通的美國人到18歲時，會看過60萬則廣告；到40歲時，看過的廣告總數近百萬。每個廣告都在盡最大努力影響我們形形色色的購買決定——從我們吃的早餐麥片到我們的假期將使用哪條郵輪線路。決不會缺少怎麼花錢和買什麼東西的廣告！現在，我們當然不能確切地記得廣告上的產品，但重要的信息已凝聚在我們的意識裡：「要滿足你的願望。你應該擁有你想要的。你應該得到最好的。所以，你應該買下它——現在！」 一個著名的廣告詮釋得很完美：「我愛自己。我是自己的好朋友。我做讓我感覺舒服的事。我從精美的東西裡得到樂趣，並感覺到它們給我的滋養。我過去常想著等一下再買，現在再也不會了。今天，我會購買全新的滑雪裝備，看看新型的小巧靈便的轎車，買下那臺我一直想要的相機。我今天就要實現我的夢想，不會等到明天。」
6What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are the psychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spending habits?On one hand, we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most of us derive pleasure from treating ourselves .On the other hand, a little voice inside use choes those upright messages: "Watch out, takestockof your life, don't let your attention gets cattered. Postpone your desires. Don't fall into debt.Wait! Retain control over your own life. It will make you stronger."
6 當我們接受這些相互矛盾但很明確的信息時，會有什麼事情發生呢？這種控制我們花錢習慣的宣傳活動會造成什麼心理和社會上的影響呢？一方面，我們希望買更多的東西，來滿足我們的物質欲望。我們中的大多數通過善待自己來得到樂趣。與此同時，我們身體裡面有一個微弱的聲音與那些正直的信息在共鳴：「當心，要掂量掂量自己的生活，不要讓注意力分散。推遲欲望。不要陷入債務。要等待！保留對自己生活的控制權。這會讓你更堅強。」
7Anyway, many of the skills you need as a successful student can be applied to your finances. Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of your university education as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting.Theyc an make you feel terrible and hinderyour ability to focus on your prime objective: successfully completing your education.
7 總之，一個成功的學生所需要的很多技能可以應用到你的財務中去。把良好的財務狀況看成是大學教育中的一個關鍵因素，因為對金錢的擔憂會讓人倍感壓力，並讓人分心。它們會讓你感覺很糟糕，並阻止你專注首要目標，即成功完成學業。
8How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, community organizations, and even some banks offer financial literacy classes.Consider consulting with your school's financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget.An additional optionis finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs.Most importantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, don't let you regoget in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out ofcontrol and lands you inlegal troubles.
8 怎樣才能成為一個聰明、有相關知識的消費者呢？許多學校、社區組織，甚至一些銀行都提供金融掃盲班。可以考慮向學校的財務援助辦公室諮詢，或向父母或其他值得尊敬的成年人請教如何建立一個預算方案。另外一個選擇是找一個合作夥伴來幫你保持良好的財務狀況，並在管理自己的金融事務中找到樂趣。最重要的是，如果你發現自己正陷入財務困境，不要讓你的自大妨礙你，在情況變得失控並惹上法律麻煩前，趕緊尋求幫助來解決問題。
9 All this will help you become an educated consumer and saver.As you learn to balance spending and saving, you will become the captain of your own ship, steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters.
9 這一切都將幫助你成為一個擁有相關知識的消費者和儲蓄者。學會了如何平衡支出和儲蓄，你就會成為你自己的船長，駕駛著你的生活之船，乘風破浪，駛向成功和富有。
Language points
1 Do you feel asconfused and manipulated as I do with this question, 「Should I spend or shouldI save?」 (Para. 1)
Meaning: When asking yourself whether you should spend or save, do you feel puzzled and controlled as I do?
Meaning beyond words: According to the conventional concept, we are the master or the boss of the money we have earned
. It is up to us to decide how to use our money. However, the sentence gives usthe hint that we are actually no longer in control of our money.
2 I think that the messages we get from our environment seem to defy common sense andcontradict each other. (Para. 1)
Meaning: In my opinion, the messages we get in our daily life about the question 「Should I spend or should I save?」 are against common sense and they often don’t agree with each other.
Usage note: defy, deny
defy和deny都是及物動詞，詞形相近，但實際上兩者詞義有別，用法也不同。
1 defy主要表示「違抗；反抗；蔑視」，後接名詞；而deny主要表示「否認；拒絕承認」，後接名詞或that引導的從句。
Nearly 11 thousand people have been arrested for defying the ban on streettrading. 近一萬一千人因違抗在街上交易的禁令而被捕。
The government has denied that the authorities have uncovered a plot toassassinate the president. 政府已否認當局發現了一個暗殺總統的陰謀。
2 defy後接動詞不定式表示「挑戰；刺激某人做某事」時，不能用動名詞形式；deny表示「否認；拒絕承認」時，後面不能接動詞不定式，只能接動名詞形式。
I defy you to come up with one major accomplishment of the current primeminister. 我倒要看看你能否講出一項現任首相作出的重大成就。
He denied doing anything illegal. 他否認做過任何違法的事。
3 The government tells us to spend or we』ll never get out of the recession. (Para. 1)
Meaning beyond words: To help the country recover from the economic recession, the government is encouraging people to spend, which will help stimulate production, job markets and bank liquidity.
4 At the sametime, they tell us that unless we save more, our country is in grave danger.(Para.1)
Meaning: Meanwhile, they warn us that if we don’t save more money the economic recession will grow and severely harm our country.
Usage note: unless
1 unless作連詞，表示「除非… ；如果不…」，引導條件狀語從句，意為「如果某個條件不出現，某件事就不會進行」。使用unless時必須留意從句中動詞的時態。雖然unless所說的條件都是未出現或未發生的，但必須用一般現在時或過去時，不能用表示將來的時態。例如：
I will not go to Beijing unless the company pays for the trip. 如果公司不支付旅費，我不會去北京。（不能用will pay）
She wouldn’t do that unless I allowed her. 如果我不允許，她不會去做那件事。（不能用would allow）
She will keep on singing unless she is told to stop. 她會一直唱下去，除非有人叫她停止。（不能用will be told）
She would not come to work as before unless her mother’s health condition turned for the better. 她不會像以前那樣來上班了，除非她母親的病情好轉。（不能用would turn）
2 unless和if … not都可以引導條件狀語從句，但適用情況不同，很容易混淆，要注意區別。指將來可能發生或可能真實的情況用unless；如果知道事情沒有發生或不真實則用if … not。可以說If you weren’t always in such a hurry, your work would be much better。不說Your work would be much better unless you were always in such a hurry。見更多例句：
Unless they get protection, they will not testify. (= If they do not getprotection, they will not testify.) 如果得不到保證，他們不會作證的。
I would go out if it wasn’t raining. (= But it is raining, so I am not goingout.) 要是不下雨，我就出去了。
5 Banks offer higher interest rates so we increase savings. Then the same banks send uscredit card offers so we can spend more. (Para. 1)
Meaning beyond words: Here is the 「spend or save」 paradox. On one hand,the government tells us to spend, and, on the other hand, thay want us to save more. While the banks offer high interest rates to attract us to deposit money,they send us credit cards to encourage us to spend.
6 Here's another familiar example: If we don't pay our credit card bill on time, we get demanding, nasty emails from the credit card company saying something like:「Your failure to pay is unacceptable. Pay immediately or you』ll be in trouble!」(Para. 2)
Meaning: If we fail to pay our credit card bill on time, the credit card company will send us harsh and unfriendly email messages to warn us that either we pay at once or we』ll get penalties.
Sentence structure note: 祈使句+ or/and +陳述句
1 「祈使句+ or +陳述句」結構表示「…否則…」，其中，or還可以換成and，表達的意思發生相應的變化，表示「如果…，就…」。對連詞or或者and的選擇，主要根據相應連詞前後句表達的意義，如果前後句有轉折關係，就用or，一般表達一種負面的結果；如果前後句表示意義順承，無轉折關係，就用and。例如：
Listen to the teacher carefully in class, or you can’t catch what he is saying.上課時要仔細聽老師講課，否則你就無法了解他在說什麼。
Walk down our street, and you』ll see kids playing. 你要是走上街頭，就會看到孩子們在玩耍。
2 在「祈使句+ or/and +陳述句」結構中；陳述句通常用將來時態, 即「will+動詞原形」，也可用情態動詞can，may等。但通常不能用一般現在時或現在進行時。例如：
Work hard, and you can make rapid progress in your study. 努力吧，你會在學業上突飛猛進的。
Follow the advice of the doctor, or you won’t be well very soon. 遵從醫生的叮囑，否則你的身體就不會很快好起來。
3 「祈使句+ or/and +陳述句」結構可與if引導的條件狀語從句互換。例如:
Get up quickly, or you will be late. (= If you don’t get up quickly, you willbe late.) 快點起床，不然你會遲到的。
Work hard, and you will pass the exam. (= If you work hard, you will pass theexam.) 如果你努力學習，你就會通過考試。
4「祈使句+ or/and +陳述句」結構中，祈使句有時可以省略動詞。例如：
Make more effort, or you won’t be successful. (= More effort, or you won’t besuccessful.) 如果不多些努力，你就不會成功。
Give me one more hour, and I』ll get the work finished. (= One more hour, andI』ll get the work finished.) 再給我一個小時，我就能把工作做完。
7 Then, as soonas we pay, we get a follow-up email in a charming tone telling us how valuablea customer we are and encouraging us to resume spending. (Para. 2)
Meaning: To lure us into more spending, once our credit card bill is paid, a follow-up email in an entirely different tone will be sent to us,claiming that we are valuable customers.
Note: The word resume can be used either as a transitive orintransitive verb. As a transitive verb, it may be followed by a noun or a v.-ingform.
8 Which depictionis correct: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer? The gap between these two messages is enormous. (Para. 2)
Meaning beyond words: As there is such a huge difference between the two email messages, we feel confused about who we are: a failing consumer in trouble or a valued customer?
9 The paradox isthat every day we get two sets of messages at odds with each other. (Para. 3)
Meaning: The contradiction is that every day we get two sets of messages disagreeing with each other.
10 One is the「permissive」 perspective, 「Buy, spend, get it now. You need this!」 (Para. 3)
Meaning: One reflects a viewpoint of tolerance, 「Buy, spend, get it now.You need this!」
Note: The word permissive is an adjective, a derivative from permit.Being 「permissive」 implies a very easy and too relaxed position on somethingand usually lacks good judgment. For example:
They were permissive parents and their children grew up to be spoiled and ill-behavingadults. 他們是太過放任的父母，他們的孩子長大後會變成被寵壞、行為舉止欠妥的成年人。
Usage note: permissive, tolerant
The synonym of permissive is tolerant, but tolerant is positive in meaning. Permissive carries a negative connotation. Tolerantimplies good judgment with a right balance of perspective or actions. Forexample:
The employee’s tolerant position on the differences in working style meant thatthe team performed well. 員工對工作作風的差異持寬容的立場意味著這個團隊表現出色。
11 The other we could call an 「upright」 message, which urges us, 「Work hard and save. Suspend your desires. Avoid luxuries. Control your appetite for more than you trulyneed.」 (Para. 3)
Meaning: We could call the other one an 「honest」 message, which advisesus to work hard and save money, stop having too many desires, avoid spending too much, and limit our purchases to what we really need.
Usage note: urge, persuade
1 從詞義上說，urge的基本意思是「力勸；敦促」，引申可表示「強烈要求」等，比較正式；persuade主要表示「說服；勸說」，指通過勸說、感情交流等使對方做勸說者所希望的事。urge語氣強，但不一定「力勸；敦促」成功；persuade語氣不如urge強，但強調不僅「勸」，而且使之「服」。例如：
We will urge them to adhere to the Paris Agreement. 我們將敦促他們遵守《巴黎協議》。
My husband persuaded me to come. 我丈夫勸我來的。
2 從用法上說，urge和persuade都可用作及物動詞。urge可用於urge sb. to dosth. 結構，意為「催促某人做某事」；persuade表示「說服」時，可用於persuade sb. to do sth.結構，也可用於persuade sb. into doing sth. 結構，都表示「說服某人做某事」。它們也都可以引出that從句。urge引出的that從句中用（should）+verb，而persuade用於persuade sb. that 結構，不用（should）+verb。例如：
His father urged him to speak his mind. 他父親敦促他說出心裡話。
We’re trying to persuade manufacturers to sell their products here. 我們正在努力說服製造商在這裡銷售他們的產品。
Sir Fred urged that Britain (should) join the European Monetary System. 弗雷德爵士敦促英國加入歐洲貨幣體系。
We had managed to persuade them that it was worth working with us. 我們已設法說服他們，與我們合作是值得的。
12 This message comes to us from many sources: from school, from parents, even from politicalfigures referring to 「traditional values」. (Para. 3)
Meaning: We get this kind of message from many sources such as school,parents, and even politicians who like to talk about traditional values.
13 But the opposite message, advertising’s permissive message, is inescapable. (Para. 4)
Meaning: But you cannot escape from the opposite message, advertisements that push you to spend more.
14 Though sometimes disguised, the messages are everywhere we look … (Para. 4)
Meaning: Though these messages are sometimes subtle and change in form,they can be found everywhere we live.
15 Advertisements invade our daily lives. We are constantly surrounded by the message to spend,spend, spend. (Para. 4)
Meaning: Our daily lives are flooded with advertisements. Very often we find ourselves enclosed by advertisements that lure us into spending.
16 It’s been calculated that by the age of 18, the average American will have seen 600,000ads; by the age of 40, the total is almost one million. (Para. 5)
Meaning beyond words: Americans grow up seeing countless advertisements,and this continues throughout their life time.
17 Each advertisement is doing its utmost to influence our diverse buying decisions,from the breakfast cereal we eat to which cruise line we will use for our vacation. (Para. 5)
Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are everywhere and have invaded people’s everyday lives.
18 There is no shortage of ideas and things to buy! (Para. 5)
Meaning: There are plenty of ideas of what to buy and how to spendmoney.
19 Now, ofcourse, we don’t remember exactly what the products were, but the essential message is cemented into our consciousness, 「It’s good to satisfy your desires.You should have what you want. You deserve the best. So, you should buy it –now!」 (Para. 5)
Meaning beyond words: Advertisements are very effective in talking people into buying things. Though it’s hard to remember all of the products in advertisements, these messages have already been hammered into our heads. The messages tell us that we deserve the best and we are entitled to what we want.
20 A famous advertisement said it perfectly, 「I love me. I’m a good friend to myself. I do what makes me feel good. I derive pleasure from nice things and feel nourished by them. I used to put things off. Not anymore. Today I』ll buy new skie quipment, look at new compact cars, and buy that camera I've always wanted. Ilive my dreams today, not tomorrow.」 (Para. 5)
Meaning beyond words: The advertisement is trying to send out the message: It is not wrong for people to be self-centered and buy everything they want right now. Enjoy life today! The underlying purpose is to persuade peopleto spend.
21 What happens as we take in these contradictory but explicit messages? What are thepsychological and social consequences of this campaign to control our spendinghabits? (Para. 6)
Meaning beyond words: Since people are surrounded by these contradictory but clear messages, there must be some psychological and social consequences.For instance, some people may spend more while others may save more, dependingon how much they get influenced.
22 On one hand,we want more things because we want to satisfy our material appetite. Most ofus derive pleasure from treating ourselves. (Para. 6)
Meaning: Most of us become happy when we treat ourselves, so we always want to have more things to satisfy our material desires.
23 On the otherhand, a little voice inside us echoes those upright messages: 「Watch out, takestock of your life, don’t let your attention get scattered. Postpone yourdesires. Don’t fall into debt. Wait! Retain control over your own life. It willmake you stronger.」 (Para. 6)
Meaning beyond words: From a more traditional point of view, we should be cautious about spending money. We should be focused on our life in order notto fall into debt. Being in control of our life will make us stronger.
24 Anyway, many of the skills you need as successful student can be applied to your finances.Consider your financial well-being as a key ingredient of your universityeducation as money worries are extremely stressful and distracting. (Para. 7)
Meaning beyond words: It is not difficult to avoid a financial disaster if you apply the skills you already have for being a successful student. Be aware that financial stability is of crucial importance to your college life since money worries could bring you down.
25 They can makeyou feel terrible and hinder your ability to focus on your prime objective: successfully completing your education. (Para. 7)
Meaning: Money worries can make you feel terrible and distract you fromyour main objective: successfully completing your education at college.
Usage note: hinder, prevent
hinder和prevent都有「阻礙；阻止」之意，都可以用於hinder/preventsb. from doing sth. 結構，但兩者有區別。
1) hinder表示「使…受阻；使…做起來困難」（make sth. difficult）。例如：
His poor health hindered him from going to work daily. (=He continued to work but with difficulty.) 身體欠佳讓他每天上班很困難。
2) prevent表示「使…不發生；使…不做」(make sth.impossible)。例如：
His poor health prevented him from going to work. (=He stopped working.) 他的健康不佳，令他無法外出工作。
26 How can you be a smart and educated consumer? Many schools, community organizations, and evensome banks offer financial literacy classes. (Para. 8)
Meaning: To become a consumer who is clever and acquires relevant knowledge, you can take some financial literacy classes where you learn basic concepts of finance. These courses are offered by many schools, community organizations and some banks.
27 Consider consulting with your school’s financial aid office or seek input from your parents or other respected adults in setting up a budget. (Para. 8)
Meaning: In planning how to use your money wisely, you may discuss your financial situation with your school’s financial aid office or get advice from your parents as well as from respected others.
28 An additional option is finding a partner to help you stay on track and find pleasure in the administration of your own financial affairs. (Para. 8)
Meaning: Another choice is to find a partner who can help you stay inthe right direction of your own financial management and get pleasure fromdoing it.
29 Most importantly, if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, don’t let your ego get in your way; urgently get help with tackling your problem before it spins out of control and lands you in legal troubles. (Para. 8)
Meaning: The most important thing is not to feel embarrassed to ask forhelp if you find yourself getting into financial trouble, and you should do itquickly to retain control and avoid breaking the law.
30 As you learn to balance spending and saving, you will become the captain of your own ship,steering your life in a successful and productive direction through the choppy waters. (Para. 9)
Meaning: When you learn to keep a balance between spending and saving,you are in control of your own financial situation, and which will lead you to a successful and productive life despite the twists and turns on your way tothe financial goal.
Note: Here 「the captain of your own ship」 is figuratively used. It compares your capability to balance spending and saving to the situation of sailing in the sea. If you are in control of your financial situation, you, the captain, can surely steer your own ship of life smoothly.
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