弄清楚了非謂語動詞和謂語動詞之間的關係後,但具體做題時,發現許多學生仍然下筆恍惚,這是因為知道了非謂語動詞知識原理卻沒有掌握做題方法論。非謂語動詞具體的知識有了系統,那麼做任何題都會下筆有神。
非謂語包括:不定式、ving,v-ed
一、
(一)、不定式具體形式構成:、
(1)、 to do (表將來/主動/動作的一次性)
to be done (表將來/主動/動作的一次性)
(2)、 to have done (表將來/主動/完成)
to have been done (表將來/被動/完成)
(二)、doing具體形式構成:、
(1) doing (表進行/主動/動作的持續性) being done (表進行/被動/動作的持續性)
(2) having done (表進行/主動/完成) having been done (表進行/被動/完成)
(三)、過去分詞具體形式構成:v-ed (表過去/被動)
二、非謂語動詞具體功能
(一)、不定式、v-ing為名詞性時做主語
(1)、一般常用法
例、My job is to teach English
My job is teaching English
(2)、常用不定式作主語的句型
It be adj(kind/friendly/polite/careless/rude/clever/)+of(for) +sb+to do
(3)、常用動名詞做主語的句型有
It be worthwhile doing
It be (a) waste of time one's doing
It be no +adj(good/use/fun )+doing
(二)、不定式、動名詞為名詞性做賓語時
(1)、只跟不定式做賓語的動詞有:want/hope/wish/plan/decide/expect/ask/happen/offer/refuse/fail/order/prepare/afford/promise/manage/pretend/care
(2)a、常接動名詞做賓語的動詞有:
m e m e s p c i k a f d a r(妹妹是不吃咖啡的兒)
(miss/mind/escape/excuse/enjoy/suggest/practice/imagine/include/keep/ask/appreciate/advice/admit/avoid/allow/finish/delay/dislike/recommend)+doing
b、不帶」to「的詞組+doing
give up/feel like/cannot help /cannot bear/put off /insist on have a great time /spend in /have difficult in /have trouble in /thanks for /apologize for/
be worth/be busy/success in /be engaged in /dream of /set about
c、帶」to「d的詞組+doing
lead to/look forward to/go back to /get down to/on one's way to /pay attention to /stick to /be accustomed to /object to /
(3)、a、接不定式和動名詞意義大不一樣的動詞
stop to do (停止A去做B) mean to do(打算去做什麼)
stop doing(停止A) mean doing(意味著什麼)
try to do (試圖去做什麼) remember to do (記得去做什麼)
try doing (嘗試做什麼 remember doing (記得曾經做過什麼)
forget to do(忘記去做什麼) regret to do (後悔去做什麼)
forget doing (忘記做過什麼) regret doing (後悔曾經做過什麼)
go on to do 繼而(做另一件事) propose to do (打算做某事)
go on doing (繼續做原來的事) propose doing (建議做某事)
want/require/need to do ( 想要/要求/需要去做什麼)
want/require/need doing (主動形式表被動含義)
b.既可以接不定式,又可以接v.ing形式的有:
(1)意義基本相同。begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接不定式多指具體的動作,接動名詞多指一般或習慣行為)。
(三)、不定式、動名詞、分詞做表語
a、不定式做表語常表示謂語動詞具體某一次
例、My job is to teach you English
b、動名詞做表語是對主語內容的解釋,主表位置可以互換
例、Her full-time job is making money
補充:常作表語的現在分詞有:interesting/exciting/surprising/disappointing/missing/amusing/pullzing/inspring/
c、過去分詞做表語表示主語所處的被動狀態或完成某動作的狀態,而被動語態表示主語所承受的 動作
例、This river is surrounded by hill
tips:區分動名詞和現在分詞
例句; Her full-time job is making money
She is cleaning the classroom
(四)、不定式、動名詞、分詞形容詞性做定語時
a、不定式做定語放在所修飾的名詞後,表示謂語動詞之後發生的動作或過去的某一特定動作
例、He had no house to live in but a lot of work to do
b、動名詞與現在分詞做定語的區別
a walking stick / a sleeping car ( 說明所修飾名詞的用途)
the rising sun /the changing world (表示所修飾名詞進行的動作)
c、現在分詞與過去分詞做定語的區別
a piece of disappointing news/ (表示主動或進行的動作)
a well dressed woman (表示完成或被動的動作)
(五)、不定式、分詞副詞性做狀語時
a、不定式做狀語,只表示目的、結果或原因
例、To make himself heard clearly ,she speaks loudly
b、 .分詞的獨立主格結構:(1)獨立主格結構常放在句首。表示時間、條件、原因時,其作用分別相當於一個時間、條件、原因狀語從句。表示伴隨方式時,相當於一個並列句。
(2)分詞短語作狀語時,其邏輯主語就是句子的主語,否則,就必須在分詞前另加上自己的邏輯主語(名詞或主格代詞)的這個結構叫獨立主格結構或分詞的複合結構。
例、 Seen from the top mountain ,the village is beautiful
Being tired,they went on working
He put a finger in his mouth ,tasted it and smiled ,looking rather pleased.
(3)表示伴隨方式的獨立主格結構,有時可用「with+賓語+賓語補足語」的結構來替換
He lay there thinking, his hands behind his head (with his hands behind his head).
他雙手放在頭下,躺在那裡思考著。
(六)、不定式、分詞做賓語補足語時
a、後跟賓語補足語的動詞有:ask/tell/beg/want/like/hate/force/invite/persude
/advise/order/encourage/waitfor/callon/permit/forbit+to do
例、The doctor advised him to stay in bed for another few days
b、一些特殊不帶」to「做複合賓補的動詞有:make/let /have/see/watch等
例、She makes me do homework
c、特殊情況下如,hear/see/ notice/observe/feel/set/have/keep/find等要區分賓語補足語所修飾的邏輯主語
例、We heard him singing the song when we came in
三、特殊用法:
(一)、固定句型
(1)、句型必須帶」to「如:
a、have no choice to do/alternative but to do/option but to do
b、do nothing but do c、there be nothing to do
(2)、It be+ adj (difficult, hard, cheap, expensive, enough, sure, fit, nice, dangerous, comfortable, exciting, good, important等,在「be +形容詞+to do」的結構中,即不定式在作表語的形容詞後充當狀語,同時,主語是不定式結構的邏輯賓語,此時習慣上以主動形式表示被動意義。
The text is easy to understand.
(3)在「疑問詞what/which/whom+不定式」結構中,有時以主動形式表被動意義。
I don't know which book to choose.
我不知道選哪本書。
(4)在「too…to…」結構中,用主動形式表示被動意義,此時不定式前面可以加邏輯主語。
The box is too heavy (for me) to carry.
(5).垂懸結構。有些慣用的分詞短語在句子裡可以沒有邏輯上的主語而獨立存在,它們往往作為句子的獨立成分來修飾全句。如: generally/strictly/roughly/
broadly/narrowly speaking, judging from/by, considering, supposing, providing, provided等。
Talking of the computer, I like it very much.
談到電腦,我非常喜歡。
Considering the time, we have decided to start early tomorrow morning.
考試到時間,我們已經決定明早一早出發。
Generally speaking, I like exciting sports.
一般來說,我喜歡刺激的運動。
(二)、動詞have後所接的3種賓語補足語:
(1)have somebody/something do sth. 不定式作補語必須省去to, 不定式動作由賓語發出,表示一次性的動作。
I had the workers do the job for me.(我讓工人們替我完成了工作.)
(2)have somebody /something doing sth. ing分詞作補語,分詞動作也由賓語發出,強調動作的延續或正在進行。
They had the tractor working all the time.(他們讓拖拉機一直工作著。)
(3)have somebody/something done 過去分詞作補語,賓語和補足語之間有邏輯上的被動關係,通常有兩種情況:
①主語讓別人做某事,強調主語的意志。
He had his hair cut yesterday.(他昨天理髮了。)
②主語遭到某種不幸或陷入惡劣的環境,說明賓語的一種無意識的被動行為。He had his leg broken in the match last month.(他在上星期的比賽中摔斷了腿。)