不管雅思考試還是未來出國之後的學術論文，對於學生開始了解和掌握一定的學術表達是必要的，所以寫這篇文章的目的是開啟學生對學術表大的一些基本認識和運用。
Formal writing - using noun phrases
如何使你的論文或報告更正式：
Academic writing frequently uses nominalisations; that is, the noun forms of verbs. （動詞的名詞形式）
The process of nominalisation turns verbs (actions or events) into nouns (things, concepts or people). （把動詞變成名詞）
重點：簡單歸納 能用名詞的動詞則以名詞用法為主
例子如下：
例子 Companies (subject) enter (verb) different markets to increase (verb) their revenues.
學術表達如下：Companies looking for an increase ( noun) in revenues become new entrants (noun) in different markets
回應雅思話題： 題目- the quality of life in large cities is increasing.
正式表達：The increase of living quality has become increasingly common.
回應雅思話題2：in many parts of the world, crime is increasing rapidly among teenagers and the public is becoming concerned
正式表達：the rapid increase in crime among teenagers has caused concern among the public.
簡單總結如下：一個動詞如果決定了一句話核心邏輯 把它用作名詞或名詞短語 (也就是說一篇好的文章，動詞越少越好）
以下列出了一些常用的口語詞用法和寫作用法及區別：
Spoken English Formal Written English
Verb - to increase noun - an increase
Verb - to improve noun - an improvement
Verb - to educate noun - an education
Verb - to enter a placenoun - an entrant or an entry
Verb - to fly noun a flight
Verb → Noun Adjective→Noun
refuse refusal annoyed annoyance
extend extension difficult difficulty
investigate investigation different difference
react reaction valuable value
fail failure intense intensity
Sentences without nominalisation→
Sentences with nominalization
He failed, which angered his parents.→
His failure caused his parents' anger.
The police investigated but uncovered no evidence.→
The police investigation uncovered no evidence.
David loves junk food, which causes him to be obese.→
David's love of junk food is the cause of his obesity.
The professor refused to extend the deadline, which made the students feel annoyed. →
The professor's refusal of a deadline extension caused student annoyance.
The course was difficult, so many students performed poorly.→
The course's difficulty resulted in poor student performance
總結：當然這只是其中一種學術表達的體現在論文中，也同時為了出國後的學期論文如何呈現學術表達做了一些基礎。