2000年7月中旬,墨西哥《永久周刊》科技版刊載了俄羅斯研究人員亞歷山大戈爾多夫發表的題為《本世紀最大的偽造》的文章,對美國「阿波羅」登月拍攝的登月照片和錄像提出質疑。
質疑者:星條旗看起來似乎是迎風招展,然而在沒有大氣的情況下這是不可能的。
Sceptic: The stars and stripes appears to be waving in the wind, which is impossible without an atmosphere.
美國宇航局的某些所謂科學家應該把功課再做足一點。
Some of those so-called scientists at Nasa should have done their homework a bit better
支持者:旗幟並不一定需要有風才能動,而且在所有的錄像中它都沒有動過,除非被人碰到。
Believer: The flag did not need wind to move, and does not move in any of the videos unless touched.
一旦旗子被動過,由於月球沒有大氣,也就沒有了空氣阻力,它反而要過很久才能停下來。
When it is set in motion, the lack of atmosphere and hence air resistance mean the flag takes a long time to settle.
質疑者:每個物體投射出的陰影方向均不同,這說明當時有數個光源——就像電視攝影棚中的情況。
Sceptic: Shadows cast by objects on the surface point in different directions, which proves there were several light sources – as in a TV studio.
支持者:高度較低的太陽以及月球凹凸不平的表面會擾亂照片上影子的角度。而且如果說有多個光源的話,為什麼每個物體只有一個影子呢?
Believer: A low sun and uneven surface can distort the angles of shadows in images. And if there are multiple light sources, why does each object only cast one shadow?
質疑者:當登月艙從月球表面起飛時,它的下部沒有噴出火焰。顯然這是一個用線拉起來的模型。
Sceptic: There was no exhaust flame spurting from beneath the lunar module when it blasted off from the moon. It`s clearly a model being pulled up on a wire.
支持者:將阿波羅送入太空的土星5號火箭攜帶的燃料是煤油和液氧,所以出現了非常大的火焰。
Believer: The Saturn V rocket that carried Apollo into space burnt liquid oxygen and kerosene, creating a dramatically fiery plume.
但是,登月艙起飛時的推進力來自於四氧化二氮和Aerozine 50(譯註:二甲基肼)的反應,這種反應不產生火焰,它釋放出來的氣體是透明的。
The lunar lander, on the other hand, was propelled by a mixture of nitrogen tetroxide and Aerozine 50, which doesn`t. Its exhaust gases were transparent.
質疑者:如果阿波羅號的太空人真的到達了月球,他們會被一條巨大而致命的空間放射帶給烤熟。
Sceptic: If the Apollo astronauts had really travelled to the moon, they would have been cooked by a giant belt of lethal space radiation.
支持者:這些所謂的「範艾倫帶」(Van Allen belts),也就是地球磁場濃縮太陽輻射的地方並不致命,只有當人們於此逗留數天才會是危險的。
Believer: These `Van Allen belts`, where the Earth’s magnetic field concentrates solar radiation, would be dangerous only if people lingered there for several days.
事實上,太空人們僅用了幾個小時就穿過了這一層,受到的輻射量和接受一次X光透視檢查差不多。
In fact the astronauts whizzed through in a matter of hours, receiving a radiation dose no greater than a medical X-ray.
質疑者:阿波羅16號執行任務時拍攝到的一塊月面巖石上標有字母C。這是個假貨,從而也暴露了整個事件都是一場表演。呸!
Sceptic: A moon rock photographed during Apollo 16’s mission is marked with the letter C. It’s a prop, which shows the whole thing is staged. Doh!
支持者:這個C在美國宇航局的原始膠片和照片上都是沒有的。經過放大觀察,這東西看起來像是一根在後來的複製過程中掉進去的毛髮或者纖維。
Believer: The C doesn’t appear in the original Nasa negatives or prints. Under close magnification it looks like a hair or fibre that has contaminated a later reproduction.
質疑者:只有在潮溼的表面上,靴子才可能會留下腳印。試試看你能否在乾燥的沙灘上留下腳印。
Sceptic: Boots would only have left their imprint on the lunar surface in moist material. Try leaving your footprint on a dry sandy beach.
支持者:月面塵土的尺寸和形狀與沙子完全不同,因此並不需要潮溼就可以留下被壓出的痕跡。
Believer: Particles of moon dust have a different size and shape from sand and don`t need moisture to hold a compressed shape.
地球上也有許多這樣的粉末狀物體。試試在滑石粉上面走幾步。
Many powders on Earth can behave in the same way. Try walking in spilt talcum powder.
提問:宇宙空間遍布星辰,這連10歲的小孩都知道,那麼,為什麼這些在月球上拍攝的照片上沒有星星呢?
Claim: Space is full of stars, as any 10-year-old will tell you, so why do they not appear in photographs taken on the moon?
回答:太空人們拍攝的是一些光照度很高,閃閃發亮的淺色物體。
Response: The astronauts were taking pictures of brightly lit, shiny white objects.
在這種情況下拍攝者會使用很短的快門時間並調小光圈,
Under those conditions photographers shoot with a fast exposure time and small aperture.
這樣就不可能拍攝到黑色背景上那些很暗的物體,如星星。
That makes it impossible to capture faint objects in a dark background, such as stars.
質疑者:一位名叫尤娜-羅納德的澳大利亞婦女在阿波羅11號著陸月球的過程中看到一隻可樂瓶飛過月球。真是太不小心了!這一定是在攝影棚裡拍的。
Sceptic: An Australian lady called Una Ronald saw a coke bottle kicked across the moon during the Apollo 11 landing. How careless! It must have been filmed in a studio.
支持者:這話從何說起呢?如果這個尤娜真的存在的話,她看到世界上所有其他人都沒看到的東西,而且沒有留下任何證據。
Believer: Where to start? Una, if she exists, saw something that the rest of the watching world missed, and of which zero evidence survives.