我最近在校稿研究論文時,發現有些作者常搞不清楚兩個語法問題。我想藉由這期的文章,將這兩個問題提出來與大家討論。
在書寫複雜的句子時,作者常常容易搞混主語,因而使用錯誤的謂語動詞形態。
舉例而言:The ultimate effect of all of these phone calls to the detectives wereto make them suspicious of the callers,句中主語是the effect,對應的謂語動詞應為單數,所以were的使用是錯誤的。
不妨精簡例句如下:The effect… was tomake them suspicious,如此,句子的主幹就一目了然。
另一種容易混淆謂語形態的情形是當連接詞存在時,如along with、as well as、together with等。
例如:Miss Chen, as well as her pet dachshund, is coming to the party,當出現連接詞as well as時,謂語動詞的形態要跟as well as前的主語一致。
在任何請況下,以and連接的複合主語,謂語皆為複數,即使主語本身為單數名詞或不可數名詞。
例如:Widespread mold and mildew damage the resale value of your house,句中,雖然主語mold/mould和mildew(黴菌)均為不可數名詞,但以and連接時,是謂語damage因為複數形態。
當我們在引述一作品名稱時,若名稱中有複數名詞,但因它是單一作品,我們仍須使用單數謂語動詞。舉例來說:「Great Expectations」 has the original illustrationsin it。
金額與時間段通常是單數。例如:Ten dollars is not a lot of money to lend someone.與Five years is a longtime to wait to be repaid。
模糊的指代是英語中常見的問題,尤其當代詞this、it、which或其他此類代名詞使用不當時。
舉例來說:I hitchhiked back to town, gotpicked up by an alien spacecraft and was subjected to humiliating medicalexperiments, which is why I didn't get my paper done on time。在日常對話中,這樣的說話方式似乎沒有問題,但在寫作時請務必小心。
建議不妨將用because做為句首:Because I hitchhiked back to town, got picked up by an alien spacecraftand was subjected to humiliating medical experiments, which is why I didn't getmy paper done on time,或者將which is why改成so,變成I hitchhiked back to town, got picked up by an alien spacecraft and wassubjected to humiliating medical experiments, so I didn't get my paper done ontime。
有時,代詞的使用只是一種口語習慣,其實是不必要的。
例如:In the book it says thatShakespeare was in love with some 「dark lady」,句中it是不必要的,且在正式英語寫作中是不被接受的,應直接以the book做主語:the book says that Shakespeare was in love with some 「dark lady」。
模糊的指代可能因為有多個指代而含糊不清。
舉例:Most women are attracted toguys with a good sense of humor unless they are into practical jokes,這裡的they指的是women還是guys呢?如果句子改成Most women areattracted to guys with a good sense of humor, though not usually to practicaljokers,則一目了然。
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