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Hi, I'm Gina. Welcome to Oxford Online English!
嗨，我是Gina。歡迎來到牛津大學在線英語課堂！
In this lesson, you can learn how to tell a story in English. Stories are powerful.
在本節課程中，你會學到如何用英語講故事。故事非常具有力量。
When you meet someone new, go to a job interview or take a speaking exam like IELTS, you need to tell stories, whether you realise that's what you're doing or not. Becoming a better storyteller will make you a more convincing speaker.
當你遇到新的人的時候、參加工作面試的時候或者是參加雅思這種考試的時候，無論你是否意識到了你正在講故事，你都需要講。成為一個更好的講故事的人會讓你變成一個更有說服力的演講者。
People are attracted to good stories—it's a fundamental part of being human. Learning how to tell better stories can help you become a more effective English speaker, and a better communicator generally.
人們會被好故事吸引——這是人類基本的一部分。學會如何講更好的故事能夠幫助你成為一個令人印象深刻的說英語的人，也會讓你變成一個更好的溝通者。
In this class, you'll learn how to build a story, step by step. You'll see three different stories, and you'll see how you can use the same simple ideas in almost any story.
在本節課程中，你會學到如何一步步地組織一個故事。你會看到三個不同的故事，而且你會看到你可以如何在任何故事中都使用相同的簡單的小點子。
If you want to read the stories before the lesson, make sure you're watching this on our website: Oxford Online English. com. If you're watching on YouTube, you can find a link in the video description.
如果你想在課程之前閱讀一下故事，確保你是在網站上看的我們的視頻：Oxford Online English.com。如果你是在YouTube上看的，你能在視頻描述部分看到一個連結。
There, you can read the three stories in full. We want you to take part in this lesson.
在那裡你能看到三個完整的故事。我們想讓你參與這堂課程。
Think of a story you want to tell. As you go through the lesson, you'll hear our stories, but you should also be building your own story.
思考一下你想講的一個故事。在課程中你會聽到我們的故事，但是同時你也要組織自己的故事。
So, think of something funny, scary, interesting or weird that happened to you. Do you have an idea for a story?
所以，想一些發生在你身上的滑稽的、可怕的、有趣的或者是奇怪的事情吧。你有什麼想法嗎？
Then let's begin! A clear story needs to start with some background.
讓我們開始吧！一個清晰的故事需要從背景開始。
Think about basic wh- questions: who, when, where, what? Start your story with one sentence which gives some of this information.
想想基本的wh—問題：誰、什麼時候、在哪裡以及什麼？用一句開始你的故事，而這句話裡包括這幾個信息。
For example: It was summer, and I went with some friends to a beach in Crimea which you could only get to by boat.
比如說：那是一個夏天，我和朋友去了Crimea的一個沙灘，你只能划船去那裡。
I was travelling in Kyrgyzstan, and I decided to go hiking in the mountains. At university, I shared a flat with three other guys.
我當時在吉爾吉斯斯坦旅行，我決定去山裡遠足。在大學裡，我和其他三個人一起住一套公寓。
Keep it simple at the beginning: who, when, where, what? Next, add one or two more sentences to give more background details.
剛開始的時候要簡單一點：誰、什麼時候、在哪裡、幹了什麼？接下來，加上一兩個句子，給出更多的背景細節。
You need a balance here: you want to give enough background details to make your story feel real, but you also need to get to the heart of your story quickly. People will lose interest if you don't get to the point.
這裡你需要做好權衡：你想要給出足夠的背景細節讓你的故事更加真實，但是你也需要迅速進入你的故事中心。如果你一直說不到點上的話，人們會喪失興趣的。
Let's see how you can do this. Look at our first example:
讓我們看看怎麼做吧。首先讓我們看一下第一個例子：
It was summer, and I went with some friends to a beach in Crimea which you could only get to by boat. Think: if you heard this, what questions could you ask to get more details?
那是一個夏天，我和幾個朋友去了克裡米亞的沙灘，而沙灘只能乘船到達。想一下：如果你聽到這句話的話，你會提什麼問題來詢問更多細節呢？
You might ask things like: Who were your friends?
你可能會這樣問：你的朋友是誰？
Why did you go to this beach? What was the place like?
你們為什麼想去沙灘？那個地方怎麼樣？
Were there any other people there? Answering these questions gives you details you can add after your opening sentence.
那裡還有其他人嘛？回答這些問題能夠給你更多細節，這些細節可以加在開頭句之後。
For example: People had been going there for years, and there were benches and tables, places to camp, fire places and so on.
比如說：人們去過那裡很多年了，那裡有椅子、桌子、可以露營的地方以及生火的地方等等。
It was kind of a hippy place, with everyone walking around naked and doing whatever they felt like. Here, we're focusing on one thing—the place—because it's the most interesting and unusual detail.
那是一個有點嬉皮士的地方，人們赤裸著身體到處走，做任何想做的事情。在這裡，我們側重於一件事——那個地方——因為那是最有趣、最不同尋常的細節。
For a different story, you might focus on different details: We were all good friends, but like lots of guys in that situation, we played a lot of pranks on each other.
想要一個不同的故事的話，你可以側重於不同的細節：我們都是好朋友，但是那種情況下有很多人，我們對彼此搞惡作劇。
In this story, the people are more important, so you would give more details about them. Okay: your turn!
在這個故事中，人更加重要，所以你可以給出一些關於人的細節。好的，到你了！
You need to start your story. Make an opening sentence.
你需要開始的你的故事。組織一個開頭句。
Remember: who, when, where, what? Then, add 1-2 sentences giving more background details.
記住：誰、什麼時候、在哪裡、以及幹了什麼？然後，加上一兩個句子，給出更多的背景細節。
Focus on the most important elements in your story. Pause the video and do it now!
關注你的故事中最重要的元素。暫停視頻，現在開始吧！
Write it down if you want. What's next?
如果你想的話，可以寫下來。下一步是什麼？
Big question: what makes a story a story? If I tell you that I went to the shop to buy some bread, and then I came home and ate the bread, is that a story?
很重要的問題：什麼造就了一個故事呢？如果我告訴你我去商店買了一點麵包，然後我回家之後吃了麵包，那是一個故事嗎？
Not really. If it is, it's not a good one.
並不是。就算是的話，也不是個好故事。
So, think about it: what makes a story a story? A story needs two things.
所以，想一下：什麼造就了一個故事呢？一個故事需要兩個東西：
One: there needs to be a goal. The person or people in the story should want something.
一：需要有一個目標。故事中的人物想要某種東西。
Two: there needs to be tension. That means the goal can't be too easy to reach.
二：故事中需要張力。那就意味著目標並不容易達成。
In this section, let's look at putting a goal in your story. Here's the question: what do the people in your story want?
在這個部分中，讓我們試一下把目標放進你的故事中。這裡有一個問題：你的故事中的人物想要什麼呢？
They must want something. This is the heart of your story.
他們肯定想要什麼東西。這是你故事的核心。
If the people in your story don't want anything, then you don't have a story. Let's do an example together: On the last day, we had to catch a train in the evening.
如果你故事中的人們不想要任何東西，那你就並沒有一個故事。讓我們再一起看一個例子：在最後一天，我們需要在晚上去趕火車。
Pause the video if you need extra time to read. Here we have a simple goal: we needed to catch our train.
如果你想要額外時間閱讀的話，那就暫停視頻。我們有一個簡單的目標：我們得趕火車。
Let's do one more: To reach Issyk-Kul lake, which was the end of my journey, I had to cross a mountain pass, almost 4,000m high. What's the goal here?
讓我們再來看一個：要想到達我的旅程盡頭的伊塞克湖的話，我就得穿過一座山，大概四千米高。這裡的目標是什麼呢？
The goal is getting across the mountain pass to the lake. The goal in your story can be something big or something small.
目標是穿過高山，到達湖泊。你故事中的目標可以很大，也可以很小。
You can see in these two examples that we have something very easy and simple—catching a train—and something bigger and more difficult—crossing a 4,000-metre mountain pass on foot. What about your story?
你可以看到在這兩個例子中，我們有非常簡單的事情——趕火車——以及更大更加困難的事情——徒步穿過四千米的高山。那麼你的故事呢？
What's the goal? What do the people in your story want?
目標是什麼？你故事中的人物想要什麼呢？
Keep this simple. Just add one sentence to your story, setting a goal for you or the other people in your story.
要說得簡單一點。只給故事加一兩個句子，給你自己或者故事中的任務設定一個目標。
Pause the video, write your sentence, then we'll move on to the next part. Ready?
暫停視頻，寫下你的句子，然後我們就進入到下一部分。準備好了嗎？
Ok, remember that we said there are two things every story needs. What's the second?
好的，記住我們說過每個故事需要兩個元素。那第二個是什麼呢？
Every story needs tension. What does that mean?
每個故事都需要張力。那意味著什麼？
Simply, it means that your goal shouldn't be too easy to reach. Here's a story:
簡單來說，那意味著你的目標不應該很容易達成。這是一個故事：
There was a monster which liked to eat people. A hero killed the monster.
曾經有一個怪獸，很喜歡吃人。一個英雄殺了怪獸。
Everyone was safe. The end.
每個人都安全了。結束。
Good story? Obviously not!
這是個好故事嗎？當然不是啦！
If the goal in your story is too easy, then your story will be very short and boring. There needs to be tension.
如果你故事中的目標太簡單的話，你的故事就會很短也很無聊。故事需要張力。
As they listen to you, people should be thinking: what's going to happen next? Will everything be ok?
當他們聽你說的時候，人們應該在想：下一步會發生什麼呢？一切都好嗎？
How are they going to get out of this problem? The goal needs to be difficult.
他們如何解決這個問題？目標應該是很難的。
There need to be problems. People need to doubt whether you're going to succeed or fail.
需要有一些問題。人們需要猜你會成功或者失敗。
This is tension. For example: On the third day, I had to cross a mountain pass, almost 4,000m high.
這就是張力。比如說：在第三天，我需要穿過一條山路，大概4000米高。
It was so hard, because the air is thin up there and I was carrying a very heavy pack. It seemed to take forever, but finally I got close to the top… and then a storm boiled over the ridge and landed right on my head.
這非常困難，因為空氣非常稀薄，我背了很重的背包。看起來要走到永遠，可是最終我接近了盡頭，然後風暴在山脊翻湧，直接落在我的頭上面。
There was lightning all around me, even below me! The noise was unbelievable.
我四周都是閃電，甚至下面也是！這聲音簡直無法置信。
First, you hear how difficult it was, even before the storm hit. Then, the storm arrives.
首先，你會聽到它有多難，即使在風暴襲擊之前。然後，風暴將臨。
What's going to happen? Did I make it over the pass?
會發生什麼呢？我成功越過了那條路嗎？
Did I get hurt? Let's look at one more example: One weekend, I was going home to visit my parents.
我受傷了嗎？讓我們再來看一個例子：一個周末，我在回家看我父母的路上。
I said bye to my flatmates, and told them not to do anything to my room. "Don't worry, we won't.
我和我的室友告別，告訴他們不要動我的房間。「別擔心，我們不會的。」
Have a good weekend." they said. I knew they were going to do something, but I couldn't believe what they actually did:
「周末愉快。」他們說。我知道他們肯定會做點什麼的，但是我不相信他們竟然那麼做了：
This is a very different kind of story, but the structure is the same.?I have a goal, which is to visit my parents and come back without my friends doing anything to my room.
那是一個非常不同的故事，但是結構差不多。我有一個目標，那就是去看我的父母，然後回家的時候我的朋友並沒有動我的房間。
You also have some tension. You hear sentences like this:
你也有張力。你聽到這樣的句子：
I told them not to do anything to my room. I knew they were going to do something.
我告訴他們不要動我的房間。我知道他們肯定要做點什麼的。
When you hear these, you know they're going to do something to my room, but you don't know what. This is called foreshadowing.
當你聽到這些的時候，你知道他們肯定會對我的房間做點什麼，但是你並不知道到底做了什麼。這就叫做預示。
You know something bad is going to happen, but you aren't sure exactly what. That's where the tension comes from.
你知道很不好的事情要發生，但是你並不確定到底是什麼。那就是張力的來源。
What did they actually do? Hopefully, you want to know what happened next.
他們到底做了什麼呢？希望你想要知道接下來發生了什麼。
Now, think about your story. How can you add some tension?
現在，想想你的故事。你如何增加一些張力呢？
One way is to add problems or difficulties: things that get between you and your goal. Another way is to use foreshadowing, like our story above.
一種方式就是增加問題或者困難：那就是阻擋在你和你的目標之間的事情。另一種方式就是使用預示。
Pause the video and add tension to your story. This is an important part of your story, so think about it carefully.
暫停視頻，給你的故事增加一點張力吧。這是你故事中很重要的一部分，所以要認真思考。
Aim to write 2-3 sentences, and start again when you're done. Okay?
寫下兩三個句子，然後寫完之後再次開始。好嗎？
Now, you're ready to think about the end of your story. To finish your story, you need to resolve the tension.
現在，你可以想想你的故事的結尾。為了結束這個故事，你需要解決張力。
At this point, the people listening to your story should want to know what comes next. You've created some tension.
在這個時刻，聽你故事的人應該想要知道接下來會發生什麼。你已經創造了一些張力。
They aren't sure what's going to happen, but they want to know. So, finishing your story is simple: explain what happened in the end, and whether you (or whoever) reached your goal or not.
他們並不確定會發生什麼，但是他們想要知道。所以，結束故事非常簡單：解釋最後發生了什麼，以及是否你（或者其他人）達成了目標。
Let's finish the three stories you've seen in this lesson: Remember that you can pause if you need more time to read or review the story.
讓我們完成你在本節課中看到的三個故事吧：記住，如果你需要更多時間來閱讀或者複習故事的話，你可以暫停。
Let's read the end together. We loaded our stuff onto a kayak and swam almost a kilometre around the cliffs.
讓我們一起看看結尾。我們把東西放到了獨木舟上，然後繞著懸崖大概遊了一千米。
A naked hippy paddled the kayak, which was piled high with our things and looked like it could sink at any minute. We made it to land, and after several hours of hitchhiking and walking, we caught our train.
一個赤裸的嬉皮士划著獨木舟，舟上堆滿了我們的東西，看起來隨時都會沉掉。我們終於到了陸地，在幾個小時的遠足和步行之後，我們終於趕上了火車。
It was stressful at the time, but looking back now it makes a good story! You can see that the ending does two things.
當時我們壓力非常大，但是現在回頭一看，真的是一個很棒的故事！你可以看到結尾處理了兩件事。
In this story, we have tension: there's a mine in the harbour and we can't leave by boat. How did we solve it?
在這個故事中，我們有張力：港口有一個煤礦，我們沒法乘船離開。我們如何解決的呢？
By swimming for a kilometre, with a naked hippy transporting our stuff in an overloaded kayak. Secondly, the ending explains whether we reached our goal or not.
我們遊了一千米，然後赤裸的嬉皮士用一個超載的獨木舟運輸我們的行李。第二，結尾解釋了我們是否達成了目標。
In this case, happily, we caught the train! What about our second story?
在這種情況下，幸運的是，我們趕上了火車！那麼第二個故事呢？
I forgot how tired I was and ran down the slopes to get to safety. I stayed the night lower down and tried again the next day.
我忘記了我有多累，為了安全跑下斜坡。我在低一點的地方過了一夜，第二天繼續嘗試。
I made it over the pass, but it was a very frightening experience. Again, the ending resolves the tension—I ran below the storm and tried again the next day—and also explains whether I reached my goal or not.
我成功穿過了那條山隘，但是那是一次非常驚險的體驗。同樣的，結尾解決了張力的問題——我在風暴下奔跑，第二天繼續嘗試——而且解釋了我是否達成了我的目標。
Finally, what did happen to my room at university? They made my room into a jungle!
最後，我大學裡的房間到底怎麼樣了呢？他們把我的房間弄成了一個熱帶叢林！
I'm not kidding: there were flowers, plants, three whole trees, jungle animals made from paper, and a 'sounds of the forest' mix playing on my stereo. It took me three hours to clean up, and also I have hay fever—an allergy to pollen.
我真的沒在開玩笑：裡面有花、植物、三整棵樹、紙做的叢林動物和用我的立體音響播放的「森林之聲」。我花了三個小時才清理乾淨，我有花粉熱——對花粉過敏。
So I was sneezing and blowing my nose the whole time. For my flatmates, that just made it funnier…
所以我一直在打噴嚏、擤鼻子。對我的室友而言，那只是讓整個故事更加滑稽了。
It's the same pattern: we resolve the tension by answering the question: what did my flatmates do to my room? We also find out whether I reached my goal or not (I didn't).
結構是一樣的：我們通過回答——我的室友對我的房間做了什麼——這個問題解決了張力。我們也弄清楚了我是否達成了我的目標（我沒有）。
Now you've seen the three stories; can you see what each one has right at the end? Each story ends with a retrospective comment.
現在你已經看了三個故事，你能看到每個結尾都有什麼嘛？每個故事都以回顧性的評論結尾。
Retrospective means 'looking back'. A retrospective comment tells people how you feel now about the story, or how other people felt.
回顧性意味著「往回看」。回顧性的評論告訴人們你現在對故事是怎樣的感受，或者其他人有什麼感覺。
For example: It was stressful at the time, but looking back now it makes a good story!
比如說：當時我壓力很大，但是現在想起來真的是一個很棒的故事！
It was a very frightening experience. For my flatmates, that just made it funnier…
那是一次非常令人害怕的體驗。對我的室友而言，那只是讓情形更加好笑了...
You don't have to put a retrospective comment at the end of your story, but it's a good way to finish. Most of all, a retrospective comment sounds like an ending.
並不是非要在你故事的結尾加一個回顧性的評論，但是那是一種很好的結尾方式。最重要的是，回顧性的評論聽起來很像一個結尾。
That's useful, especially if you're speaking, because it shows your listener that you've finished speaking. Now, you need to finish your story.
那非常有用，尤其是如果你在講話的時候，因為那會告訴你的聽眾你要結束講話了。現在，你需要給你自己的故事結尾。
Pause the video and write an ending. Remember that you need to do two things: resolve the tension, and explain whether or not you reached your goals.
暫停視頻，寫一個結尾。記住你需要做兩件事情：解決張力，然後解釋你是否達成了目標。
Let's review: To tell a good story, you need to:
讓我們複習一下：要講好一個故事，你需要：
- Set the scene and give some background information. - Establish a goal for the person or people in your story.
— 設置場景，然後給一些背景信息。— 給故事中的任務設立目標。
- Add some tension, so that people aren't sure what will happen in the end. - Finish the story and add a retrospective comment.
— 增加一些張力，保證人們不知道結尾會發生什麼。— 結束故事，增加一個回顧性的評論。
Of course, there are other things which are important in a story. Adding interesting details and descriptions can make your story more lifelike.
當然了，故事中也有一些其他的重要事情。增加一些有趣的細節和描述會讓你的故事更栩栩如生。
Adding jokes and humour can improve many stories. Giving some background on the people and their personalities can bring the people in your stories to life.
加一點笑話或者是幽默能夠提升很多故事的質量。給你的人物和他們的性格一點背景信息，能夠讓故事中的人物更加生動。
But, nothing is more important than structure, and that's what you've seen in this lesson. A story without good structure isn't really a story.
但是，沒有什麼比結構更加重要，那就是你在本節課程中學到的東西。沒有好的結構的故事算不上一個故事。
Get the structure right first. Maybe you're thinking, "I don't have the vocabulary to tell stories like that."
把結構放在第一位。可能你在想：「我沒有講那種故事的詞彙量。」
Not true: I've heard very powerful stories from students who spoke very basic English. Vocabulary doesn't make a good story.
那並不對：我聽過很多只會說非常基礎的英語的學生講的很具有力量的故事。詞彙並不能構成一個好故事。
Structure and emotion make a good story. Focus on structure and practise what you've learned in this lesson.
結構和情感才能造就一個好故事。專注於結構，然後練習你在本節課程中學到的東西。
You can tell great stories in English, too! Do you have a story you'd like to share?
你也可以用英語講很棒的故事啦！你有想要分享的故事嗎？
Please post it in the comments. You can see the sample stories we used in this lesson in the full lesson on our website: Oxford Online English dot com.
在評論中告訴大家吧。你可以在我們的網站上看到本節課全部的故事範例：Oxford Online English dot com.
We also have many other free English lessons which you can watch and study from. That's all for this lesson.
我們還有其他的免費課程可供你觀看學習。本節課程結束。
Thanks for watching! See you next time!
謝謝觀看！下次見！