參考閱讀：
人體的方位、軸和斷面—圖解和視頻詳解，供學習和收藏
人體的方位、軸和斷面圖示
運動解剖學的常用術語，圖解便於學習、建議收藏
人體標準解剖學姿勢（醫學英語）
解剖平面（醫學英語）
解剖相對位置關係的術語名詞（醫學英語）
運動解剖學術語：屈曲和伸展（醫學英語）
運動解剖學術語：外展、內收和環轉（醫學英語）
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視頻
Rotation
Rotation can take place by the summation of the small rotational movements within adjacent vertebrae of the vertebral column, for example, twisting movement of the neck or body.
At a pivot joint which is a uniaxial joint, one bone rotates relative to another adjacent bone. At the atlantoaxial joint, the first cervical vertebra (C1, atlas) rotates around the dens of the second cervical vertebra (C2, axis). Rotation of head from side to side can occur. The another example, the proximal radioulnar joint is also a pivot joint between the upper end of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and its annular ligament. The rotation of the radius can occur in its length during pronation and supination movements of the forearm.
At the ball-and-socket joints of the shoulder and hip, rotation can also occur through the rotation of the humerus and femur around their long axis. Medial (internal) rotation refers to the movement that brings the anterior surface of the limb toward the midline of the body, lateral (external) rotation is converse, the anterior surface of the limb moves away from the midline.
Pronation and supination
Pronation and supination are the movements of the forearm and hand that rotate the distal end of the radius medially and laterally around and across the anterior aspect of the ulna while the proximal end of the radius rotates in itself place.
Pronation refers to the medial rotation of the radius so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and its dorsum faces anteriorly. This motion results in the distal end of the radius to cross over the distal ulna at the distal radioulnar joint. This crossing over makes the radius and ulna into an X-shape position.
Supination is the opposite rotational movement compared to pronation, rotating the radius laterally and uncrossing it from the ulna, returning the pronated forearm to the anatomical position.
When the elbow joint is flexed, pronation moves the hand so that the palm faces inferiorly, supination is converse, moves the hand so that the palm faces superiorly.
參考翻譯：
旋轉
旋轉是通過相鄰脊柱內的小旋轉運動的總和來進行，例如，頸部或身體的扭轉運動。
在作為單軸關節的樞軸關節，一個骨骼相對於另一個相鄰骨骼旋轉。在寰樞關節，第一頸椎（C1，寰椎）圍繞第二頸椎（C2，寰椎）的齒突旋轉。頭部會左右旋轉。另一個例子，近側橈尺關節，即由橈骨上端和尺骨橈側切跡及其環狀韌帶形成的樞軸關節。在前臂的旋前和旋後運動中，橈骨的旋轉可以發生在其全長上。
在肩關節和髖關節的球窩關節，旋轉也可以通過肱骨和股骨繞其長軸旋轉來實現。內（向內）旋轉是指使肢體前表面朝向身體中線的運動，外（向外）旋轉是相反的，肢體前表面遠離中線。
旋前和旋後
旋前和旋後是前臂和手的運動，在橈骨近端在其位置旋轉的同時，橈骨遠端向內側和外側繞尺骨的前部旋轉。
旋前是指橈骨的內側旋轉，使手掌向後，背向前。這種運動導致橈骨遠端在橈尺遠端關節處越過尺骨遠端。這個交叉使橈骨和尺骨成為X形。
旋後是與旋前相反的旋轉運動，橈骨向外側旋轉，解除與尺骨的交叉，使旋前的前臂回到解剖位置。
當肘關節彎曲時，旋前使手掌朝下移動，旋後相反，使手掌朝上移動。
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重要詞彙：
rotation 旋轉
vertebrae 脊椎
vertebral column 脊柱
uniaxial joint 單軸關節
atlantoaxial joint 寰樞關節
atlas 寰椎
axis 樞椎
radioulnar joint 橈尺關節
radius 橈骨
notch 切跡
ulna 尺骨
pronation 旋前
humerus 肱骨
femur 股骨
supination 旋後
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