Hello everyone and welcome back to English with Lucy.
大家好，歡迎回到跟Lucy學英語。
Do you ever feel confused, when you hear or see phrases like gimme, hafta, lotsa, sorta, typa, frunna, what do these all mean?
你是否曾經在聽到或看到像gimme，hafta，lotsa，sorta，typa，frunna這樣的詞時感到困惑，不知道它們的意思？
Well, they are quite a few to learn, they are reductions, or reduced words, and you do need to know these words, in order to understand natural conversation and you might want to use these words if you want to sound more like a native speaker when you talk.
嗯，這可有得學咯，它們是縮寫，或者說縮略詞，而且為了理解自然對話你確實需要了解這些詞，而且如果你想讓自己說話時聽上去更像一個母語者，你可能會想要使用這些詞。
Before we get started, I would just like to thank the sponsor of today's video, it is Skill Share.
在我們開始今天的課程之前，我想要感謝今天視頻的贊助商，那就是Skill Share。
Skill Share is an online learning community, with classes designed for real life.
Skill Share是一個在線學習社區，擁有為真實生活而設計的課程。
So you can move forward with your learning journey without putting your life on hold.
這樣你就可以在不保持自己生活的情況下持續自己的學習旅程。
You can learn and grow with short classes that fit around your busy routine.
你可以跟短期課程學習進步，它們能夠跟你繁忙的日程相適應。
They offer lots of language-related classes which I know you'll love.
他們還提供許多與語言相關的課程，我知道你們會喜歡的。
Things like grammar and vocabulary, but also more specific things like customer service and interview preparation.
除了有像語法和詞彙之類的內容，還有像客服和面試準備這樣的內容。
But they also have many other classes that will assist you on your creative journey, or help you starting a new business.
但他們還有許多其他能夠幫助你的創意之旅或幫助你開拓新事業的課程。
Classes on logo design, web development, productivity, just to name a few.
比如圖標設計、網絡開發、生產，掛一漏萬。
I'm doing a class on iPhone photography, by the teacher Dell McManus, because I want to up my Instagram game.
我正在上Dale McManus老師講的iPhone攝影課，因為我想讓我的INS更受歡迎。
I use a lot of photographers, but I know that my phone has so much potential, and I want to harness that.
我用過很多攝影師，但是我知道我的手機有很大的潛力，而且我想要利用。
He covers so many topics that I've never even considered before like dead space, and the rule of thirds.
他講到了很多我以前從來沒有想過的話題，比如死亡空間，以及三分之一構圖法。
Skill Share is also incredibly affordable, especially when compared to expensive in-person workshops or classes.
Skillshare的價格也非常划算，特別是跟昂貴的個人工作室或課程相比。
An annual subscription is less than 10 dollars, per month.
每年的訂閱費用平攤到每個月不到10美元。
And I will let you know that the first 500 of my subscribers to click the link in the subscription box will get a two month free trial of premium memberships.
而且我要說的是，前500名點擊描述欄裡的連結的人會獲得為期兩個月的免費高級會員試用。
You can all go and explore your creativity.
所有人都可以去探索自己的創造力。
Right, let's get started with the lesson.
好的，我們開始上課吧。
So reductions, what are they?
所以什麼是縮寫呢？
They are reduced forms of words.
它們是單詞的縮略形式。
Normally two words, occasionally three words.
通常是兩個單詞的縮寫，有時是三個單詞的縮寫。
For example, the reduction, gimme, is actually give plus me.
比如gimme這個縮寫，事實上就是give加上me。
Gimme.
給我。
For example, gimme that pen.
例如給我那支筆。
Gimme that pen.
給我那支筆。
Give me that pen.
給我那支筆。
You will find that there are some commonly used words that are often included in reductions.
你會發現有些詞經常會出現在縮寫中。
Me being one of them.
Me就是其中一個。
Another example of reduction including me, is lemme.
另一個縮寫的例子就是lemme。
Lemme.
Lemme。
For example, lemme come with you.
例如，讓我和你一起走吧。
Lemme come with you.
讓我和你一起走吧。
Let me come with you.
讓我和你一起走吧。
Now you must never use these in formal situations, or formal writing tasks, especially don't use these in exams, unless you are specifically asked to use reductions or slang language.
你絕對不能在正式場合，或正式寫作任務，尤其是不要在考試中使用使用這些詞，除非你被特別要求使用縮寫或俚語。
I would say that the most important part of this, is that you understand them so that if a native speaker uses one with you, you can understand and respond, but if you are looking to sound like a native speaker, then you might want to practise these.
我要說的是，最重要的一點就是當母語者對你用了縮寫的時候你能夠理解，並且作出回應，但是如果你想要像母語者一樣說話，那麼你可能需要練習使用它們。
Now let's move on to the second set of reductions which is what plus is plus word.
現在我們來講第二組縮寫，那就是what加上is加上任意單詞。
The first one is, what is up.
第一個就是，怎麼回事。
What is up?
怎麼回事？
What do we say?
我們怎麼說呢？
We say wassup.
我們說wassup。
Wassup.
怎麼回事。
Wassup with that?
那個怎麼回事？
Wassup with that?
那個怎麼回事？
What is up with that?
那個怎麼回事？
Another one is what is her, what is her?
另一個是，她的......是什麼？
We reduce this to whatser, whatser.
我們會縮略成whatser，whatser。
For example, whatser name again?
比如，她叫什麼來著？
What's her name again?
她叫什麼來著？
That is something that I would genuinely say, in an informal situation, however it would be unlikely to write this down.
我真的會在非正式情況下這樣說，但是我不太可能把它寫下來。
I would just use this in spoken informal speech.
我只會在非正式演講中使用它。
Spoken speech, obviously.
很顯然是口語。
The masculine form of this, whatsis.
這個表達的男性說法就是，whatsis。
Whatsis.
Whatsis。
What is his?
他的......是什麼？
Whatsis phone number?
他的電話號碼是多少？
Whatsis phone number?
他的電話號碼是多少？
What is his phone number?
他的電話號碼是多少？
Again, I wouldn't write whatsis down, but I would say it.
說一遍，我不會把whatsis寫下來，但是我會這麼說。
Right onto the third group of reductions, we have word plus have.
現在來說第三組縮寫，任意單詞加上have。
Word plus have.
任意單詞加上have。
The first one is could plus have, coulda, coulda.
第一個是could加上have，那就是coulda，coulda。
So instead of saying could of, we can say coulda.
所以我們不說could of，我們可以說coulda。
You coulda told me that yesterday.
你本可以昨天告訴我那件事的。
We also have might have, which reduces to mighta, mighta.
我們還可以說might have，可以縮寫成mighta，mighta。
She mighta gone to the bank today.
她今天可能去了銀行。
She mighta gone to the bank today.
她今天可能去了銀行。
We also have must have, which reduces to musta.
我們還有must have，縮寫成musta。
Musta.
Musta.
She musta taken the train.
她肯定坐了那輛火車。
She musta taken the train.
她肯定坐了那輛火車。
And we have, should have, which reduces to shoulda.
我們還有should have，縮寫成shoulda。
I did a video on shoulda, woulda, coulda, you should know about this.
我有一個關於shoulda，woulda，coulda的視頻，在你們應該知道。
I will link it down below or up in the sky somewhere, if you want to watch that video, because this is seriously important.
如果你們想看那個視頻的話，我會在下面放上連結，或者在上面的某處，因為這個真的很重要。
People need to learn how to use, shoulda, woulda, and coulda.
人們需要學會如何使用shoulda，woulda，and coulda。
Natives and non-natives alike.
不管是不是母語者都一樣。
An example for shoulda, shoulda done something.
一個使用shoulda的例子，本應該做某事。
You shoulda done something.
你本應該做某事。
And the last one, would have, woulda, woulda.
最後一個是would have，縮寫成would，awoulda。
I woulda gone, I woulda gone, but I was ill.
我本來要走的，我本來要走的，但是我生病了。
I woulda gone, but I was ill.
我本來要走的，但是我生病了。
Now the next group of reductions is word plus to.
下一組縮寫是任意單詞加上to。
Word plus to.
任意單詞加上to。
This next one is one you will hear so frequently, it is going plus to, is gonna.
下面要講的這個你應該會經常聽到，那就是going加to，變成gonna。
I actually did, back in the day, a whole video on just wanna, and gonna, and people found it really useful so I'm hoping this video is really going to enlighten a lot of you, but yes, gonna is a reduction that we use, all the time.
事實上我之前做過一個視頻專門講解wanna和gonna，而且大家發現它真的很有用，所以我希望這個視頻能夠啟發你們，但是沒錯，gonna是我們總在使用的縮寫。
I'm gonna go to the shops, do you want anything?
我要去商店，你想要什麼嗎？
I'm gonna go to the shops, do you want anything?
我要去商店，你想要什麼嗎？
I really wouldn't say, "I'm going to to go the shops, do you want anything?"
我真的不會說：「I'm going to to go the shops，do you want anything？」
I would say, "I'm gonna go to the shops, I'm gonna go"
我會說：「I'm gonna go to the shops，I'm gonna go」。
It's much easier.
這個簡單得多。
Another really common one, got plus to, got to.
另一個很常見的縮寫，got加上to，got to。
This changes to gotta, gotta.
它會變成gotta，gotta。
I gotta go, I gotta go.
我得走了，我得走了。
Notice that I'm not saying, I got to go, I got to go, I'm saying, "I gotta".
注意我說的不是「I got to go」，「I got to go」，我說的是「I gotta」。
I'm almost saying it with a D sound.
我說的時候差不多發成了d的音。
I gotta go, gotta go.
我得走了，得走了。
Now what will we say for have plus to?
我們會怎麼說have加上to呢？
Have to, have to.
Have to，have to。
We would say, hafta, hafta.
我們會說hafta，hafta。
So we change that V sound to a F sound and then shwa at the end.
所以我們把v的音變成了f的音，然後在最後加上中元音。
Hafta.
Hafta。
Oh my god, you hafta meet him.
哦，天哪，你必須見他。
You haft meet him.
你必須見他。
And what about has plus to?
那麼has加上to呢？
Has to, has to.
Has to，has to。
Well, it changes to hasta.
嗯，它會變成hasta。
Hasta.
Hasta。
Now a lot of non-native speakers will find it quite hard to say the Z sound in front to the T sound.
很多非母語著會發現很難說在t的音前面發出z的音。
Hasta, hasta.
Hasta，hasta。
That's quite a hard combination, because Z is voiced and T is unvoiced, so even native speakers will change it to hasta, hasta.
這是個很難的組合音，因為z是濁輔音，而t是清輔音，所以即使是母語者也會把它變成hasta，hasta。
She hasta believe him.
她必須相信他。
She hasta believe him.
她必須相信他。
Another one, ought and to, ought to, this changes to oughta.
另一個，ought加上to，ought to，這個會變成oughta。
Oughta.
Oughta。
You oughta call in sick.
你應該打電話請病假。
You oughta call in sick.
你應該打電話請病假。
Now this is more common in American English.
這個在美式英語中更常見。
They say oughta, oughta and then, sorry my American accent really needs some work.
他們說oughta，oughta，很抱歉我的美國口音真的需要好好練一練了。
It just, the combination of vowel and consonants sound is slightly easier, especially with their, the way they use D, instead of T oughta, oughta, but we say oughta, oughta and it sounds almost too posh.
它就是，元音和輔音的組合稍微容易一些，尤其是他們說d的方法，所以他們不用t的音說oughta，oughta，但是我們會說oughta，oughta，而這樣聽起來太考究了。
So maybe this one isn't as commonly used in British English, but I think you ought to know about it, anyway.
也許這個在英式英語中不常見，但是不管怎樣我認為你們應該知道。
See what I did there.
看看我說了什麼。
And then the last one, a really really common one, again I have explained before, it is, want to, want to, this is wanna, wanna.
最後一個，真的很常見，同樣的，我之前也講解過，那就是，want to，want to，它縮寫成wanna，wanna。
And in a third person singular it's wansta, wansta.
而且在第三人稱單數裡，它是wansta，wansta。
A lot of teachers forget about this one and student's get really really confused, and say, she wanna, when it should be she wansta.
很多老師忘記了說這一點，而學生們很困惑，他們會說she wanna，但是應該是she wansta。
I want to go to the cinema, she wansta to come with me.
我想去看電影，她想跟我一起去。
She wanna come with me, is used, in a slang way, but if you want to speak proper slang English, then you should say, wansta.
在俚語中可以說「She wanna come with me」，但是如果你想得體地使用俚語，那麼你應該說wansta。
It sounds more grammatically correct because it's accounting for that third person singular.
這個從語法角度來說更正確，因為是第三人稱單數。
Now the next group of reductions is word plus of, these are really common.
下一組縮寫是任意單詞加上of，這些真的很常見。
So make sure you listen to this part, because a lot of them aren't as obvious as the previous group.
所以請認為聽這部分，因為它們中很多不像之前那組那麼明顯。
The first one is kind of, kind of.
第一個就是kind of，kind of。
We reduce this to kinda, kinda.
我們把它縮寫成kinda，kinda。
I kinda like it.
我有點喜歡它。
I kinda like it.
我有點喜歡它。
This one I use all the time, I rarely say kind of, I really often say, kinda.
我總是這麼說，我很少說kind of，我真的常說kinda。
It also works with the plural of kind, kinds of, this makes, kindsa.
它也同樣適用於kind的複數形式，kinds of，它縮寫成kindsa。
Kindsa.
Kindsa。
I've got loads of kinds of teas in my cupboard.
我的櫥櫃裡有很多各種各樣的茶。
I said, loadsa.
我剛剛說了loadsa。
This is loads of, loads of, loadsa.
這個就是loads of，loads of，loadsa。
I got loadsa kinds of tea in my cupboard.
我的櫥櫃裡有很多各種各樣的茶。
It also works for, lots of, lotsa, lotsa.
它同樣適用於lots of，lotsa，lotsa。
There are lotsa people here.
這裡有很多人。
There are lots of people here.
這裡有很多人。
Also works for lot of, lot of.
同樣適用於lot of，lot of。
This makes lotta.
它會變成lotta。
She's had a lot of boyfriends.
她有很多男朋友。
She's had a lot of boyfriends.
她有很多男朋友。
We also have, out of, which makes outta, outta.
我們還有out of，縮寫形式是outta，outta。
I have to get outa here.
我必須離開這裡。
I have to get outa here.
我必須離開這裡。
So I'm using hafta and I'm also using outta, out of.
所以我在使用hafta，還有outta，out of。
We also have sort of, making sorta.
我們還有sort of，變成sorta。
What sorta chocolate's that?
那是哪種巧克力？
What sorta chocolate's that?
那是哪種巧克力？
And type of, making typa.
還有type of，變成typa。
It's a typa dark chocolate.
這是一種黑巧克力。
It's a type of dark chocolate.
這是一種黑巧克力，
And, a really weird one which we do use in spoken slang but not in written slang, really, it's front of which makes frunna, fruana.
還有一個很奇怪的，我們確實會在口頭俚語中用到，但是在書面俚語中不會用到，那就是front of，它變成frunna，frunna。
Park in frunna the house.
在房子前面停車。
Park in front of the house.
在房子前面停車。
Right, now we have a huge group of reductions, it is, word plus you.
現在我們還有一大組縮寫，那就是任意單詞加上you。
There are so many reductions here, most of them are commonly used, so it's important that you know them.
這一組裡有很多縮寫，其中大多數是常用的，所以你們知道它們是很重要的。
The first one we have, is bet you, bet you.
第一個就是bet you，bet you。
This changes to betcha, betcha.
它會變成betcha，betcha。
So when we join a T sound and a sound, bet, you, we join it together as part of connected speech and we make a ta sound.
所以當我們加把t和放在一起，bet，you，我們會把它們連讀成ta的音。
Betcha, betcha.
Betcha，betcha。
I betcha can't guess how much that cost.
我敢打賭你猜不到那個要花多少錢。
I bet you can't guess how much that cost.
我敢打賭你猜不到那個要花多少錢。
We also have, don't you, making dontcha.
我們還有don't you，變成dontha。
You might remember the Pussycat Dolls song, dontcha wish your girlfriend, I'm not going to sing it, just because it doesn't compliment my voice.
你們可能還記得Pussycat Dolls的歌，你難道不希望你的女朋友，我不會唱的，因為我的聲線跟這首歌不合。
Yeah, dontcha.
對，doncha。
Dontcha wish your girlfriend was hot like me?
你難道不希望你的女朋友像我一樣性感嗎？
And that's my example.
這就是我的例句。
We also have, get you, which makes, getcha.
我們還有get you，變成getcha。
I'm gonna getcha next time I see ya.
下次見面的時候，我會扁你的。
I'm gonna getcha next time I see ya.
下次見面的時候，我會你的。
So we used, gonna, getcha.
所以我們用到了gonna，getcha。
To get someone means to, it's like a threat to beat someone up.
Get在這裡的意思是威脅要打某人。
And I also use the next one which is see you, which changes to seeya, seeya.
我還用到了下一個縮寫，那就是see you，變成seeya，seeya。
Where are you? I can't seeya.
你在哪裡？我看不見你。
And we also have, got you, which reduces to gotcha, gotcha.
我們還有got you，縮寫成gotcha，gotcha。
I gotha this for Christmas.
我這個聖誕節送你這個。
I got you this for Christmas.
我這個聖誕節送你這個。
Now, we don't use the rest of this list in written English, this is just spoken slang, so please note that.
我們不會再書面英語中使用這一組中剩餘的部分，僅限於口語，所以請注意。
We have how do you, which is, howdya, howdya.
我們有how do you，變成howdya，howdya。
Howdya like your coffee?
你覺得你的咖啡如何？
We also have, how did you in the past, there's just a subtle difference here, we say how'dja, how'dja.
我們還過去時how did you，只有微妙的差異，我們說how'dja，how'dja。
How'dja do that?
你怎麼做到的？
How'dja do that?
你怎麼做到的？
We also have, how would you, which is normally how'dya, how'dya, there are really really subtle differences here.
我們還有how would you，通常會變成how'dya，how'dya，這裡的差異真的很微妙。
How'dya do that?
你會怎麼做？
How would you do that?
你會怎麼做？
We also just have did you, which is, didja, didja.
我們還有did you，會變成didja，didja。
For example, didja go to the gym today?
比如，你今天去健身房了嗎？
Didja go to the gym today?
你今天去健身房了嗎？
We also have, what are you, which is whataya, whataya, sounds weird to say on its own, 'cause it's always included as part of a full sentence.
我們還有what are you，變成whataya，whataya，單獨說很奇怪，因為它總是用在完成的句子裡。
Whataya doing?
你在做什麼？
What are you doing?
你在做什麼？
Or what do you, which again, is whadaya.
或者what do you，同樣地，變成whadaya。
Whadaya think you're doing?
你以為你在做什麼？
Whadaya think you're doing?
你以為你在做什麼？
We also have, want you, which changes to wantcha, wantcha.
我們還有want you，變成wantcha，wantcha。
I wantcha in my office right now.
我要你現在到我辦公室來。
We have what did or do you, which is what'dja.
我們有did或者do you，變成 what'dja.
We have when did or do you, which is when'ja.
我們有when did或do you，變成when'ja。
We have where did, or do you, which is where'dya.
我們有where did或do you，變成where'ja。
We have who did or do you, which is who'dya.
我們有who did或do you，變成who'ja。
And we have why did or do you, which is why'dya.
我們有why did或do you，變成why'ja。
And would you reducing to wouldya.
還有would you，縮略成wouldya。
Wouldya do me a favour?
你能幫幫我嗎？
Woud you do me a favour?
你能幫幫我嗎？
The last example that we have, I'm sure you'll know it, and if you don't, I'm honoured to be the teacher who teaches it to you.
我們的最後一個例子，我確信你們知道這個，如果你們不知道，那麼我很榮幸成為教會你們這個的老師。
It is don't know, which is dunno, dunno.
那就是don't know，變成dunno，dunno。
It can be spelt D-O-N-N-O or D-U-N-N-O.
它可以拼作D-O-N-N-O或D-U-N-N-O。
I think D-U-N-N-O is slightly more common and we don't even have to say I in front of it.
我覺得D-U-N-N-O稍微更常用一些，而且我們甚至不用在它前面加上「我」。
Dunno, dunno.
不知道，不知道。
We can also say, I dunno, I dunno.
我們也可以說，我不知道，我不知道。
Right, that is the end of today's lesson.
好了，今天的課程就到這裡。
I hope you enjoyed it.
我希望你們喜歡。
I hope you learnt something.
我希望你們學到了東西。
I've given you a lot of information.
這節課信息量很大。
You do have some homework however, you can't get away without homework.
不過你們確實有家庭作業，你們不能逃過家庭作業。
I would like you to write five sentences using new reductions that you've learnt.
我想要你們用學到的縮寫寫出五個句子。
If you've learnt something new in this lesson, please use them.
如果這節課你們學到了新知識，那麼請使用它們。
I want to see very interesting sentences.
我想要看到很有趣的句子。
Try to make me laugh, because I don't laugh a lot.
請努力讓我發笑，因為我不怎麼笑。
I live alone.
我一個人住。
Well, I do live with my fiance but we live on a farm.
好吧，我確實跟我未婚夫住一起，但是我們住在農場上。
I don't see many people.
我們見不到什麼人。
I don't get many opportunities to laugh, so if you can make me laugh, you're doing well.
我不怎麼笑，所以如果你們能讓我大笑，那麼你們就很優秀了。
Right, don't forget to check out Skill Share.
好的，別忘記查看Skill Share。
The first 500 people to click the link in my description box will get a two month free trial of premium membership.
前500名點擊我描述欄中連結的人將獲得為期兩個月的免費高級會員試用。
That's a great offer, so don't miss out and don't forget to connect with me on all of my social media.
這個是個大便宜，所以不要錯過，還有不要忘記在我所有的社交媒體上聯繫我。
I've got my Facebook, my Instagram, my Twitter and my personal Lucy Bella Earl channel where I talk about everything that isn't English, ie, my life.
我有臉書、INS、推特，還有我的個人頻道Lucy Bella Earl，在那裡我會談論一切跟英語無關的東西，也就是我的生活。
I will see you soon for another lesson.
我們下節課再見。