動畫視頻:愛因斯坦軼事
這一次的話題是愛因斯坦。這個視頻主要講三點:
愛因斯坦到底是哪國人?
愛因斯坦和美國的曼哈頓計劃有什麼關係?
據說愛因斯坦有一些歧視中國人的言論,是不是真的?
插一個小故事,這是我從中文媒體網站上看來的。說是有一個普林斯頓大學的學生是校報記者,有一天接受了一個任務去採訪愛因斯坦。他特別興奮,決定問愛因斯坦一個終極問題,這個問題一定要非常有深度,也沒有人問過。他想了很久,終於想出了這樣一個問題 - 作為當代最偉大的科學家,你覺得什麼是這個時代最重要的科學問題?
故事裡講到愛因斯坦想了半天,然後他就說:我想知道這個世界是善良還是邪惡的?如果一個科學家相信這個世界是邪惡的, 他會終其一生去發明武器,創造壁壘把人們隔的越來越遠;但是如果一個科學家相信這個世界是善良的,他就會終其一生發明聯繫,創造連接,然後把人們聯繫的越來越緊密。
最後說這個年輕人非常受感動鼓舞,他後來成為了網際網路的創造者之一。這個故事我不知道是不是真的,但是至少有一點不對,他說這是上個世紀60年代的事情,但是愛因斯坦在1955年就去世了。
1921年,愛因斯坦被授予諾貝爾物理獎,以表彰他在理論物理方面的貢獻,特別是對光電效應的發現。
愛因斯坦死後,病理學家託馬斯·哈維在普林斯頓大學醫學中心的實驗室解剖了屍體,瞞著他家裡人把他的大腦切除下來拿走做研究了。他想研究一下這個天才的大腦和常人有什麼不同。但是在後面的幾十年時間裡他沒有研究出來什麼。1998年哈維將其剩下170塊大腦切片捐給了普林斯頓大學醫學中心。最新的一些研究表明愛因斯坦的大腦比常人要小,但是那它的頂葉要比一般人寬,頂葉影響著人們的三維空間意識和數學能力。而且據說愛因斯坦的大腦的腦細胞數量比常人多,退化的跡象也比較緩慢。
現在我們回到那三個問題。
第一個問題愛因斯坦是哪國人。愛因斯坦是1879年出生在德國,父母都是猶太人,所以他出生時是德國國籍。他上大學的時候為了逃避服兵役放棄了德國國籍,成了一個沒有國籍的人。直到他20多歲因為工作原因成了一個瑞士公民。他有一段時間還有奧地利國籍,那時他在奧地利一所大學裡擔任物理教授。二戰前夕愛因斯坦作為難民逃到了美國,1940年成為了美國公民。所以他的後半生是具有瑞士和美國的雙重國籍。
1940年愛因斯坦宣誓成為美國公民
第二個問題關於愛因斯坦和美國的曼哈頓計劃有什麼關係。在1935年愛因斯坦來到美國,那是第2次世界大戰的前夕。1939年初,德國科學家奧託·哈恩和弗裡茨·斯特拉斯曼發現了裂變,這引發了對德國可能發展原子彈的擔憂。物理學家利奧·西拉德 (Leo Szilard) 很快聯繫了另幾位科學家以制定適當的行動方案。利奧·西拉德找到愛因斯坦,愛因斯坦穿著隨便地見了他,並起草了一封信。在此基礎上,西拉德寫出了致時任總統羅斯福的信件,警告了德國可能的威脅。愛因斯坦 - 西拉德給羅斯福總統的信通過促使美國政府參與核研究改變了歷史進程。這封信促成了曼哈頓計劃的建立。到1945年夏天,美國製造了世界上第一顆原子彈。
利奧·西拉德請愛因斯坦在給羅斯福總統的信件上簽字
愛因斯坦從未親自參與過曼哈頓計劃,因為他的和平主義信仰使他沒有獲得安全許可。他後來對他在創建曼哈頓計劃中所扮演的角色表示疑慮,聲稱「如果我知道德國人不會成功開發原子彈,我就不會為炸彈做任何事情。」
第三個問題關於歧視中國人的言論。愛因斯坦在1922年的秋天去亞洲旅行了五個月,他到了香港、新加坡、中國、日本、印度和巴勒斯坦。他把一些沿途的見聞記在日記裡。日記在2018年的6月被媒體曝光,日記中形容中國人勤勞但是很骯髒,而且特別遲鈍;他還說中國的男人和女人幾乎沒有什麼差別;「沒法兒培訓中國人進行邏輯思考,他們特別沒有數學天賦。」。
我個人認為這不能算是歧視吧。他看到了舊中國,接觸了底層人群,他在日記裡寫下了一些他的感受 ,並沒有什麼公開的言論或者是侮辱的言論,只是他最直接的一種印象罷了。而且愛因斯坦自己是一個反種族歧視的人,他在美國就非常反對美國把黑人和白人隔離,他認為那是種病。
72歲的愛因斯坦
下面列了幾條愛因斯坦的格言:
附:愛因斯坦給羅斯福總統的信
Albert Einstein
Old Grove Rd.
Nassau Point
Peconic, Long Island
August 2nd, 1939
F.D. Roosevelt,
President of the United States,
White House
Washington, D.C.
Sir:
Some recent work by E. Fermi and L. Szilard, which has been communicated to me in manuscript, leads me to expect that the element uranium may be turned into a new and important source of energy in the immediate future. Certain aspects of the situation which has arisen seem to call for watchfulness and, if necessary, quick action on the part of the Administration. I believe therefore that it is my duty to bring to your attention the following facts and recommendations:
In the course of the last four months it has been made probable—through the work of Joliot in France as well as Fermi and Szilard in America—that it may become possible to set up a nuclear chain reaction in a large mass of uranium by which vast amounts of power and large quantities of new radium-like elements would be generated. Now it appears almost certain that this could be achieved in the immediate future.
This phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable—though much less certain—that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may thus be constructed. A single bomb of this type, carried by boat and exploded in a port, might very well destroy the whole port together with some of the surrounding territory. However, such bombs might very well prove to be too heavy for transportation by air.
The United States has only very poor ores of uranium in moderate quantities. There is some good ore in Canada and the former Czechoslovakia, while the most important source of uranium is Belgian Congo.
In view of this situation you may think it desirable to have some permanent contact maintained between the Administration and the group of physicists working on chain reactions in America. One possible way of achieving this might be for you to entrust with this task a person who has your confidence and who could perhaps serve in an inofficial capacity. His task might comprise the following:
a) to approach Government Departments, keep them informed of the further development, and put forward recommendations for Government action, giving particular attention to the problem of securing a supply of uranium ore for the United States.
b) to speed up the experimental work, which is at present being carried on within the limits of the budgets of University laboratories, by providing funds, if such funds be required, through his contacts with private persons who are willing to make contributions for this cause, and perhaps also by obtaining the co-operation of industrial laboratories which have the necessary equipment.
I understand that Germany has actually stopped the sale of uranium from the Czechoslovakian mines which she has taken over. That she should have taken such early action might perhaps be understood on the ground that the son of the German Under-Secretary of State, von Weizsäcker, is attached to the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin where some of the American work on uranium is now being repeated.
Yours very truly,
Albert Einstein