舞廳舞的規範化
在第一次世界大戰前,甚至在戰爭期間,舞廳舞深受歡迎,成為倫敦時尚社會生活方式的一部分。歐美各國相繼出現了不同的使用閉式舞蹈位置的舞蹈。如從阿根廷引進的探戈,從美國引進的狐步,還有查爾斯頓。然而,這些舞蹈的教學缺乏統一性。成立於1904 年的英國皇家舞蹈教師協會,於1924 年成立了舞廳舞分支(Ballroom Branch)後來被改名為摩登舞分支(Modern Ballroom Faculty),對舞廳中流行的舞蹈技術進行整理,正式將華爾茲、探戈、狐步和快步這四個舞種納入「摩登舞」(Modern Ballroom)的範疇中,並對其舞步、技術、風格等進行規範。在上一期推文中講到的Alex Moore MBE (1901–1991) 於1947年被任命為舞廳舞分支委員會的主席。他所編寫的Ballroom Dancing(1936)成為世界各地舞廳舞學生必讀的教材。
The standardization of ballroom dance
In the years leading up to the First World War and even during it, ballroom dancing was very popular indeed - forming part of the lifestyle of fashionable London society. More dances that use the closed dance positions were developed in Europe and the America, for example, the Tango had been introduced from Argentina and the Foxtrot and Charleston from America. There was, however, a lack of uniformity in the teaching of these dances. The Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD), established in 1904, formed the Ballroom Branch(Modern Ballroom Faculty as it is known today)in 1924, established a firm technical structure for the Waltz, Foxtrot, Tango and Quickstep. Alex Moore MBE (1901–1991), who was mentioned in the last post, was appointed as Chairman of the Ballroom Branch Committee in 1947. His textbook Ballroom Dancing (1936) became required reading for students of ballroom dancing all over the world.
摩登舞一詞是其英文Modern Ballroom中Modern的音譯詞。Modern有「現代的;時髦的;新式的」之意。Modern Ballroom全名的直譯為「新式舞廳舞」或「摩登舞廳舞」,指規範後的舞廳舞。如今的摩登舞一共包含華爾茲、探戈、狐步、快步和維也納華爾茲五支舞。
如今大家所說的拉丁舞(Latin and American Dancing),是1947年ISTD才正式成立在舞廳舞分支下的一種舞蹈類別,其中包含桑巴、倫巴、鬥牛、恰恰恰和牛仔五支舞。因為這些舞蹈起源於深受拉丁文化影響的國家,如果你了解這些舞種的發源地,或許會有這樣的疑問:鬥牛起源於西班牙,為什麼稱之為拉丁美洲舞蹈。
It wasn't until 1947 that a section of the Ballroom Branch of the ISTD was formed under the name of Latin and American Dancing, consisting of the Samba, Rumba, Paso Doble, Cha Cha Cha and Jive which are derived from countries with Latin cultures and American countries.
拉丁舞一詞取其英文Latin and American Dancing中的Latin的音譯詞。Latin and American Dancing全名的直譯為拉丁美洲舞蹈,但這裡說的拉丁美洲並不是指地理意義上的拉丁美洲,而是拉丁和美洲舞蹈(Latin and American Dancing)的簡稱,因為其包含的舞種來自深受拉丁文化影響的國家以及美洲國家而得名。拉丁舞一共包含桑巴、倫巴、鬥牛、恰恰恰和牛仔五支舞。
關於英式舞廳舞
由於摩登舞和拉丁舞是由英國舞蹈教師組成的組織規範化的,所以又被稱為英式舞廳舞(「English style」Ballroom Dancing) ,區別於同一時期在美國發展的美式舞廳舞(「American style」Ballroom Dancing)。
「English style」Ballroom Dancing
Since the Modern Ballroom and Latin American Dance were standardized by ISTD in England, people also call them「English style」 Ballroom Dancing in general, as opposed to the American style ballroom, which was developing on the west side of the Atlantic during the same period.
舞廳舞的競技性質
舞廳舞的競技性質在20世紀20年代隨著各大舞廳舞比賽的出現應運而生。著名的黑池舞蹈節就是在這一時期誕生的。當時,舞廳舞賽事多以英式舞廳舞為主,英式舞廳舞開始於國際上流行,因此,又被人稱為國際式舞廳舞「International Style Ballroom Dancing」。
The competitive nature of ballroom dancing
The competitive nature of ballroom dancing didn't appear until the 1920s with the emergence of ballroom dance competitions. The famous Blackpool Dance Festival was born during this period. At that time, ballroom dance events mainly invovled English style ballroom dance. It gained the name of "International Style Ballroom Dancing" when the competition started to catch on internationally.
The World's First and Foremost Festival of Dancing- Blackpool Dance Festival
國標舞—由於International Style Ballroom Dancing是標準規範化的舞廳舞,同時,也為了更好的推動此項舞蹈在中國的發展,因此,自International Style Ballroom Dancing於1986年進入中國後,被正式翻譯為「國際標準舞」,簡稱國標舞。
「體育舞蹈」的出現
國標舞的規範化及國際競賽的開展促進了國標舞在世界範圍的傳播,諸多國家成立了舞蹈組織,國際性的舞蹈組織也相繼成立。比賽的開展使國標舞的競技性得到強化。同時,奧運會等強勢國際體育文化對國標舞的體育化產生了巨大影響。部分舞蹈組織期望以運動競賽的方式發展國標舞,並極力爭取奧林匹克委員的支持。西德最早將這種規範化的國際標準舞稱為體育舞蹈(Dancesport)是為了得到奧林匹克的認可。1957 年在德國成立的國際業餘舞蹈者委員會(International Council of Amateur Dancers,簡稱ICAD, 是WDSF的前身)於20 世紀 80 年代明確了會旨 — 積極爭取國際奧委會內的單項資格,在世界範圍內吸收會員國,並推動會員國的「Dancesport」在本國內取得奧組委的認可。至此,國標舞出現了兩種面貌。
The standardization of ballroom dance and the development of international competition have promoted the ballroom dance around t the world. Different dance organizations were established in many countries as well as international dance organizations. The development of the competition has further strengthened the competitive, sport-like nature of the ballroom dance. At the same time, the Olympic Games and other strong international sports cultures have made a significant influence on the 「sportization」of ballroom dance. Some dance organizations intended to develop the ballroom dance in the form of a sport and strived to win the support of the Olympic committee. West Germany first referred to ballroom dance as 「Dancesport」 in order to gain Olympic recognition. The International Council of Amateur Dancers (ICAD) , establishedin Germany in 1957, made its mission clear in the 1980s - actively seeking to make dancesport to be included on the Olympic programme, recruiting member states worldwide and to promote the endorsement of "Dancesport" by member states in the country. Hence, the 'two faces' of ballroom dance.
WDSF International Championship
體育舞蹈一詞源於英語dancesport,是dancesport的中文翻譯。