1843年9月，利物浦水星報報導了該市一次大型的自由貿易集會。整個皇家劇院人山人海。新任下議院議員約翰•布萊特（John•Bright）慷慨陳詞，讚頌了廢除食物進口關稅的好處，與當時新生報刊《經濟學人》的論調不謀而合。
Why they're wrong
他們為什麼不對？
Globalisation's critics say it benefits only the elite.
In fact, a less open world would hurt the poor most of all
全球化的批評者認為它僅造福精英階層。
事實上，世界越固步自封，貧苦大眾越是遭罪
Oct 1st 2016 | From the print edition
Translated by Amir.
Proofread by 陳思維，自強
Reviewed by 帥託@TonyNEE
Edited by Ennis, W
most of all: 是「尤其是」的意思。【例如】Recent decades, and the 1990s most of all, drove these points home with terrible clarity. (The Economist) 最近幾十年，尤其是20世紀90年代，已經把這幾點表現得觸目驚心。
如果「尤其是」是表示更進一步的否定（或是疑問反詰），則不能用most of all而要用least of all。【例如】The American Empire simply could not tolerate an anti-imperialist and anti-capitalist government, least of all in the Western hemisphere, the US's "backyard." (International Socialist Review, July/Aug., 2004, p. 59) 美利堅帝國簡直不可能容忍一個反帝和反資本主義的政府，尤其是在美國的「後院」西半球。/ Under what circumstances does the CEO owe the employee anything, least of all an explanation for his actions? 身為總經理，哪能欠區區一個僱員什麼東西，更何況是要就自己的行動對他說明理由？
但是，有時候，表面上是否定，其實是從反面表示肯定，也可以用most of all。【例如】Flushed with money and power, they didn't and would never have enough. There was never enough of either for men like this, but power most of all.(Tom Clancy, Clear and Present Danger, p. 434) 他們腰纏萬貫，大權在握，不知饜足，也永不饜足。對於這樣的人，多少錢也不夠，多大權也不夠，但尤其是權。
IN SEPTEMBER 1843 the Liverpool Mercury reported on a large free-trade rally in the city. The Royal Amphitheatre was overflowing. John Bright, a newly elected MP, spoke eloquently on the merits of abolishing duties on imported food, echoing arguments made in The Economist, a fledgling newspaper. Mr Bright told his audience that when canvassing, he had explained 「how stonemasons, shoemakers, carpenters and every kind of artisan suffered if the trade of the country was restricted.」 His speech in Liverpool was roundly cheered.
在1843年9月，利物浦水星報報導了該市一次大型的自由貿易集會。整個皇家劇院人山人海。新任下議院議員約翰•布萊特（John•Bright）慷慨陳詞，讚頌了廢除食物進口關稅的好處，與當時新生報刊《經濟學人》的論調不謀而合。他告訴在場聽眾，拉票時，他已經解析了，「如果限制國家貿易，石匠、鞋匠、木匠和其他手藝人將會遭受怎樣的損失。」布萊特在利物浦的演說贏得了滿堂喝彩。
1.overflowing: the amount of something or the number of people that cannot be contained in a place because it is already full
The overflow will be accommodated in another hotel.
2.fledgling: fledgeling adj [only before noun]
a fledgling state or organization has only recently been formed and is still developing
→infant
a fledgling republic
3.canvassing: to try to persuade people to support a political party, politician, plan etc by going to see them and talking to them, especially when you want them to vote for you in an election
Candidates from all three parties were out canvassing in Darlington today.
4.merit:，第一個反應就是「功績」。其實merit更多是指某人或某事物的較為長期固定的優點或可取之処，而不著重一時取得的成就或立下的功勞。有時候中文說某事物「有價值」，英文說valuable就可能太重，說它has got some merit就合適些。【例如】a work of artistic merit 一件有藝術價值的作品 / This reasoning may have some merit. 這樣的推理，也許有可取之處。/ There's no merit in prolonging the treatment. 繼續治療下去已經沒有什麼價值／意義。/ Both programs have merit. 兩個方案都有可取之處。/ If the police found merit in the tip, they would phone the operations center. 警察如果覺得舉報有可取之處，就會打電話給行動中心。
有時候merits (pl.)可以不限於正面的「優點」或「可取之處」，而是指全面的衡量因素。【例如】to decide a case on its merits 按事情的是非曲直做出決策 / Let's put aside our personal feelings and judge him according to his own merits. 咱們先把個人感情放到一邊，按照他本人的對錯功過對他加以評判。甚至merits (pl.)可以完全同好壞優劣的價值判斷無關，只是客觀權衡因素。【例如】There is no absolute rule for the placement of this word; each writer must decide each instance on its own merits, and place it where it best accomplishes its purpose. 這個單詞凡在句中何處，並沒有絕對的規則；每個寫作者都必須依照每個場合的具體情況來做出決定，把這個單詞放在最能達到其目的的位置。
5.eloquently : able to express your ideas and opinions well, especially in a way that influences people
an eloquent appeal for support
It is hard to imagine, 173 years later, a leading Western politician being lauded for a defence of free trade. Neither candidate in America's presidential election is a champion. Donald Trump, incoherent on so many fronts, is clear in this area: unfair competition from foreigners has destroyed jobs at home. He threatens to dismantle the North American Free Trade Agreement, withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and start a trade war with China. To her discredit, Hillary Clinton now denounces the TPP, a pact she helped negotiate. In Germany, one of the world's biggest exporters, tens of thousands took to the streets earlier this month to march against a proposed trade deal between the European Union and the United States.
173年後，我們卻很難想到有哪位西方著名政治家能因捍衛自由貿易而受人們稱讚。且看美國大選，兩位候選人都不支持自由貿易。川普在許多方面都語無倫次，但他對自由貿易的態度可毫不含糊——外國人正通過不公平競爭摧毀美國的工作崗位。他揚言要撕毀北美自由貿易協定，退出跨太平洋夥伴關係協定，並對華展開貿易戰爭。而希拉蕊曾為跨太平洋夥伴關係協定出過一份力，現在卻反過來譴責它，真可謂名譽掃地。在世界最大出口國之一的德國，數以萬計群眾於本月初湧向街頭遊行示威，抗議一份歐盟與美國的貿易協定議案。
1.laud: formal to praise someone or something
To laud someone doesn't mean to give them knighthood, but to praise them extravagantly — usually in a very public manner. Being lauded, of course, can have the same tonic effect as having been made a lord.
2.champion: champion of sth/sb
someone who publicly fights for and defends an aim or principle, such as the rights of a group of people
a champion of women's rights (此處意思並非我們熟知的冠軍）
3.dismantle： to gradually get rid of a system or organization
an election promise to dismantle the existing tax legislation
4.discredit：the loss of other people's respect or trust
to sb's discredit
To his discredit, he knew about the problem but said nothing.
bring discredit on/upon/to sb/sth
The behaviour of fans has brought discredit on English football
The backlash against trade is just one symptom of a pervasive anxiety about the effects of open economies. Britain's Brexit vote reflected concerns about the impact of unfettered migration on public services, jobs and culture. Big businesses are slammed for using foreign boltholes to dodge taxes. Such critiques contain some truth: more must be done to help those who lose out from openness. But there is a world of difference between improving globalisation and reversing it. The idea that globalisation is a scam that benefits only corporations and the rich could scarcely be more wrong.
人們普遍對開放經濟感到焦慮，而抵制貿易僅僅是其中的一種徵兆。英國「脫歐」反映了人們的擔憂，其表現為蜂擁而至的移民會在公共服務、工作和文化上所帶來的衝擊。大公司也正飽受非議，被指通過外國的「避稅天堂」逃稅。這些批評也並非胡說八道：我們應該更進一步幫助那些因開放貿易受損的人們。但改善全球化和「逆全球化」可大不相同。認為全球化是一場騙局，只造福了公司和富人，可謂大錯特錯。
1.backlash： a strong negative reaction by a number of people against recent events, especially against political or social developments
backlash against
The 1970s saw the first backlash against the emerging women's movement.
2.symptom: a sign that a serious problem exists
symptom of
The disappearance of jobs is a symptom of a deeper socio-economic change
3.slam: to criticize someone or something strongly - used especially in newspapers
= slate
Local media slammed plans to build a prison in the area.
slam sb for sth
The council was slammed for its unfair selection procedure
4.boltholes:a place where you can escape to and hide
a bolthole in the country
5.a world of : 常常用來表示「很多」、「很大」。修飾名詞成分，可以說a/the world of。【例如】There is a world of difference between A and B. A與B有很大的差別。/ It did her a world of good. 這對她有很大的好處。/ A bit of fresh air will do you the world of good. 吸點新鮮空氣，會對你大有好處。修飾形容詞或副詞成分，可以說worlds。【例如】Their views are worlds apart. 他們的觀點相距很遠。
6.scam: a clever but dishonest way to get money
He got involved in a credit card scam
7.criticism與critique
criticism同中文的「批評」基本上相等，都有兩個略微不同的含義，一個是負面的「指出其錯誤」，一個是中性的「評論其優點和缺點」（例如：「文藝批評」）。critique則是一個學術用語，是中性的，指對某一題目進行深入分析的學術著作（criticism不是著作，只是批評意見）。【例如】Critique of Political Economy政治經濟學批判 / Critique of Pure Reason純理性批判。中文這裡的「批判」，不是加以否定，不能理解為中國文化大革命當中聲勢洶洶的「大批判」。
但是critique有時候也用來代替criticism，表示負面的「批判」。【例如】Kant's critique of resistance is also misunderstood if one uses it to attack the legitimacy of civil disobedience. (The Cambridge Companion to Kant, p. 361) 康德對反抗的批判，如果有誰用來攻擊公民不服從的合法性，那就也是對這種批判的誤解。
critique主要作為名詞，但是也可以作為及物動詞，詞義同criticize有些區別。criticize多是負面的「指出其錯誤」，critique則傾向於「評論」。【例如】He was standing in the lobby, critiquing whatever sports event had been on the tube that evening. 他站在門廊那裡，議論著當天晚上上過電視的那些體育盛事。
The real pro-poor policy
真正的「親貧」政策
Exhibit A is the vast improvement in global living standards in the decades after the second world war, which was underpinned by an explosion in world trade. Exports of goods rose from 8% of world GDP in 1950 to almost 20% a half-century later. Export-led growth and foreign investment have dragged hundreds of millions out of poverty in China, and transformed economies from Ireland to South Korea.
主要證據就是全球生活水平在二戰後數十年間大幅提高，這有賴於全球貿易的爆炸式發展。1950年，商品出口額佔全球GDP 的8%，而半個世紀之後，這個比重增至近20%。在出口導向增長和國外投資的影響下，數億中國人得以脫貧，從愛爾蘭到韓國，經濟體無不煥然一新。
1.underpin: to give strength or support to something and to help it succeed
the theories that underpin his teaching method
2.Exhibit A : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibit_(legal)
Plainly, Western voters are not much comforted by this extraordinary transformation in the fortunes of emerging markets. But at home, too, the overall benefits of free trade are unarguable. Exporting firms are more productive and pay higher wages than those that serve only the domestic market. Half of America’s exports go to countries with which it has a free-trade deal, even though their economies account for less than a tenth of global GDP.
顯然，新興市場發生的巨大時運轉變讓西方選民不大樂意。然而，在西方世界，自由貿易帶來的整體效益也是無容置疑的。比起僅面向國內市場的企業，出口企業的生產力水平更高，薪資待遇更好。美國一半的出口貨物流向與其有自貿協定的國家，儘管這些國家的經濟總量還不到全球GDP的10%。
Protectionism, by contrast, hurts consumers and does little for workers. The worst-off benefit far more from trade than the rich. A study of 40 countries found that the richest consumers would lose 28% of their purchasing power if cross-border trade ended; but those in the bottom tenth would lose 63%. The annual cost to American consumers of switching to non-Chinese tyres after Barack Obama slapped on anti-dumping tariffs in 2009 was around $1.1 billion, according to the Peterson Institute for International Economics. That amounts to over $900,000 for each of the 1,200 jobs that were 「saved」.
相反，保護主義者既損害了消費者又沒怎麼造福勞工。窮人從貿易得到的好處遠比富人多。一份調查了40個國家的研究發現，最富裕層級的消費者會因跨境貿易的關閉而損失28%的購買力，收入最低的10%消費者則會喪失63%的購買力。彼得森國際經濟研究所稱，自2009年歐巴馬對華實施反傾銷稅後，美國民眾不得不轉投非中國產的輪胎，為此每年需多花11億美元，以此算來，人們要為反傾銷「拯救」的1200份工作每份承擔超過90萬美金。
slap:
to suddenly announce a new charge, tax etc or say that something is not allowed - used especially when you think this is unfair.
e.g. Many tour operators slap on supplements for single people.
Openness delivers other benefits. Migrants improve not just their own lives but the economies of host countries: European immigrants who arrived in Britain since 2000 have been net contributors to the exchequer, adding more than £20 billion ($34 billion) to the public finances between 2001 and 2011. Foreign direct investment delivers competition, technology, management know-how and jobs, which is why China's overly cautious moves to encourage FDI disappoint.
開放還帶來了其他好處。移民不僅提高了自身生活水平，也提振了接納國的經濟。譬如，自2000年來，英國的歐洲移民已成為其國庫的淨貢獻者，從2001到2011年，他們為公共財政增添了超過200億英鎊（約360億美元）。外商直接投資（FDI）帶來了競爭、技術、管理理論和工作機會，這也解析了為何中國過于謹慎的舉措讓人倍感失望。
FDI:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_direct_investmentWhat have you done for me lately?
你近來為我做了什麼？
None of this is to deny that globalisation has its flaws. Since the 1840s advocates of free trade have known that, though the great majority benefit, some lose out. Too little has been done to help these people. Perhaps a fifth of the 6m or so net job losses in American manufacturing between 1999 and 2011 stemmed from Chinese competition; many of those who lost jobs did not find new ones. With hindsight, politicians in Britain were too blithe about the pressures that migration from new EU member states in eastern Europe brought to bear on public services. And although there are no street protests about the speed and fickleness in the tides of short-term capital, its ebb and flow across borders have often proved damaging, not least in the euro zone's debt-ridden countries.
這些好處當然不能說明全球化完美無缺。早在1840年，自由貿易的擁護者就明白——儘管大多數人會因自由貿易受益，但還是會有一些人受損。而我們太少幫助他們了。從1999到2011年，美國製造業淨流失了大約600萬工作崗位，大約五分之一歸咎於中國的競爭，而許多這些失業者無法重新找到工作。事後想來，來自東歐歐盟成員國的移民會給英國公共服務帶來壓力，但英國政客多對此處之泰然。儘管民眾尚未上街抗議短期資本快速且無常，但它跨國境的起伏無常經常意味著禍害，尤其是對於那些歐元區內負債纍纍的國家而言。
1.fickleness:fickle liable to sudden unpredictable change
People who are fickle change their minds so much you can't rely on them. If your best friend suddenly decides that she doesn't like you one week, and then the next week she wants to hang out again, she's being fickle
2.with hindsight：the ability to understand a situation only after it has happened
→foresight with/in hindsight
With hindsight, I should have seen the warning signs.
3.ebb and flow
a situation or state in which something increases and decreases in a kind of pattern
the ebb and flow of the conversation
4.prove：多數人可能不大習慣的，是prove作為系動詞（但是個瞬時完成的系動詞，體貌同become差不多），後面跟著表語（形容詞，名詞），表示「經過實際考驗表明了自己如何」。【例如】His advice proved useless. 他提出的主意，結果表明是沒用的。/ The research proved groundbreaking. 研究工作顯得是開拓性的。/ As to his career, the period proved overall successful. 就他的事業來說，那個時期大體上是成功的。表語可以是表示好的，但也可以是表示不好的，例如：作為表語的名詞，通常是不定指的，但如果表示「不出所料」或「名不虛傳」，也可以是定指的（加定冠詞the）。對於作為表語的名詞，要注意不要誤認為賓語（因為名詞表語和句子主語是同一事物，賓語和主語則不同一）。【例如】The Senate hearings were proving a gold mine for reporters. 參議院的聽證會，對於採訪記者們來說，越來越顯得是棵搖錢樹。/ The senator proved a maestro at disclosing sensational charges.那位參議員原來竟然是個發動聳人聽聞的指責的高手。/ The original budget proved an underestimate. 原先的預算，原來是低估了。/ Such oil riches proved a curse. 這些石油財富，原來竟然是個禍害。如果表語是特指的，為了同直接賓語相區別，最好加上一個表示程度的副詞，如：John proved quite the professor. 約翰這位教授果然名不虛傳。表語前面也可以再加to be。【例如】It may well prove to be his most rewarding and successful (novel) yet. 這部小說，很可能到頭來成為他歷來收穫最大、最為成功的一部 /His language skills proved to be an asset. 他的語言才能，結果還是一筆財富。/ The new secretary proved (to be) very friendly. 新來的秘書，原來十分和藹可親。
As our special report this week argues, more must be done to tackle these downsides. America spends a paltry 0.1% of its GDP, one-sixth of the rich-country average, on policies to retrain workers and help them find new jobs. In this context, it is lamentable that neither Mr Trump nor Mrs Clinton offers policies to help those whose jobs have been affected by trade or cheaper technology. On migration, it makes sense to follow the example of Denmark and link local-government revenues to the number of incomers, so that strains on schools, hospitals and housing can be eased. Many see the rules that bind signatories to trade pacts as an affront to democracy. But there are ways that shared rules can enhance national autonomy. Harmonising norms on how multinational firms are taxed would give countries greater command over their public finances. A co-ordinated approach to curbing volatile capital flows would restore mastery over national monetary policy.
正如我們本周的特別報導所言，我們應該拿出更多行動來解決這些不利因素。在重新培訓工人再就業的政策方面，美國僅投入了0.1%的 GDP，相當於發達國家平均水平的六分之一，實在少得可憐。在此背景下，無論是川普還是希拉蕊都沒有提出相關政策幫助那些因貿易和廉價技術而甩掉工作的人們，這不禁令人扼腕嘆息。對於移民問題，我們大可借鑑丹麥，把地方政府的稅收與移民數量掛鈎，這樣可緩解在學校、醫院和住房上的壓力。許多人將締約國與貿易協定捆綁的做法看作對民主的侮辱，但同樣有辦法在共同服從條規的同時增強國家自主權。通過對跨國公司稅收協調並達到一致，國家將在公共財政擁有更高控制權。國家間若能齊心協力限制變幻莫測的短期資本流動，我們就能重新掌控國家貨幣政策。
1.tackle：to try to deal with a difficult problem
There is more than one way to tackle the problem.
2.lamentable：very unsatisfactory or disappointing
= terrible
a lamentable state of affairs
3.harmonise：to make two or more sets of rules, taxes etc the same
the proposal to harmonize tax levels throughout the EU
These are the sensible responses to the peddlers of protectionism and nativism. The worst answer would be for countries to turn their backs on globalisation. The case for openness remains much the same as it did when this newspaper was founded to support the repeal of the Corn Laws. There are more—and more varied—opportunities in open economies than in closed ones. And, in general, greater opportunity makes people better off. Since the 1840s, free-traders have believed that closed economies favour the powerful and hurt the labouring classes. They were right then. They are right now.
這些方法將是對保護主義和地方主義的鼓吹者周全的回應。最糟的結果則是各國摒棄全球化。如本報創立之初支持廢除穀物法一樣，本報現在仍然支持開放（經濟），而支持這兩者的理由相似。比起封閉經濟，開放經濟中，機會更多，也更加多樣化，簡而言之，機會越多，人們就能過得越好。自1840年以來，自由貿易的支持者始終堅信——封閉經濟利於權貴而損害工薪階層，昔日，對矣；今朝，復矣。
1.repeal： if a government repeals a law, it officially ends that law
2.turn your back (on sb/sth)
to refuse to help, support, or be involved with someone or something
How can you turn your back on your own mother?
In his twenties he turned his back on his Catholic faith.
3.Corn Laws ：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corn_Laws
全文結構分析：
1.片段引入，描繪了昔日一場支持自由貿易的集會，體現了以前人們對自由貿易的熱情
2.描述今天人們對開放的態度，與上一段形成鮮明對比。主要以人們熟知的美國大選和在出口大國德國的反貿易遊行作為例證
3.總結前文兩段，結合現狀提出論點「全球化並不完美，所以我們需要改善全球化，但不應反全球化，而認為全球化只造福富人的看法簡直荒謬。」
（這種今昔對比的引題方法能讓文章開篇有種大氣磅礴感，唯一瑕疵就是觀點會比較後才出現，在應試寫作因為篇幅問題，比較難應用。）
4.既然說自由貿易不是只造福富人，那就得拿出證據，所以這段就是列出自由貿易帶動全球經濟發展的實例，主要是一些新興市場的例子。
5.上一段是新興市場例子，那這段就來展示自由貿易給本土帶來的好處
6.指出與自由貿易相對的保護主義會帶來什麼危害，以美國對華輪胎反傾銷關稅作為例子
7.再談開放能給國家帶來什麼好處
8.先退一步，為後面一段作鋪墊，表示全球化並非完美無缺，指出一些全球化的弊端。
9.先分析目前各國對這些弊端的解決方法，給出自己認為可行的方法
10.首尾呼應，再次將昔日與今朝聯繫，表明立場：支持自由貿易