The Story of the Black & White 「Living Fossil」︱一隻…

2020-12-23 澎湃新聞

以下文章來源於GoChengdu夠成都 ,作者Jay

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The globally famous giant panda, China’s national treasure, has a cute look with a chubby body, black and white fur and dark circles around its eyes, making itself the most loved animal in the world.

說起中國的「國寶」大熊貓,

那可是在全世界都響噹噹的:

黑白相間的皮毛、

永遠也睡不醒的「黑眼圈」

和它那憨態可掬的樣子,

都讓人無法抗拒這個可愛的、

毛茸茸的大傢伙。

In China, the giant panda gets a nickname of "Gungun" (which means somersaulting in Chinese) because it likes somersaulting on the ground. Well, as so many people are obsessed with "Gungun", let's talk about this black and white bear.

因為大熊貓喜歡在地上打滾,

大家給它起了個

十分可愛的暱稱——「滾滾」。

既然「滾滾」這麼惹人愛,

今天我們就來聊聊它的前世今生吧。

The biological evolution of "Gungun"

「滾滾」是怎樣進化而來的?

Deemed as the "living fossil", the gaint panda has its origin dating back to 8 million years ago, when it was called ailuaractos lufengensis, the earliest ancestor of the modern panda. Ailuaractos lufengensis evolved from quasi bears, looking like a fat fox and eating meat as the staples.

大熊貓可謂是真正的「活化石」,

早在距今800多萬年前

就已生活在地球上了,

那時它們叫始熊貓,

是現代大熊貓的祖先。

這是一種由擬熊類演變而成的、

以食肉為主的、最早的熊貓,

個體猶如一隻肥胖的狐狸。

Ailuaractos lufengensis generally lived in central and southern parts of the current China and continued its evolution. One species among the classification, called ailuropoda microta, appeared about 3 million years ago with the size half of the modern giant panda, looking like a fat dog. Experts estimated, based on the evidence by the fossils of its teeth, that the species had evolved into an omnivorous animal eating bamboo. It got used to living in bamboo forests in sub-tropical areas and became bigger in size, entering the peak time of the species about 500,000 to 700,000 years ago.

始熊貓的主支分布在

相當於現在中國的中部與南部地區,

並繼續演化為大熊貓類,

其中一種叫小型大熊貓,

在距今約300萬年前的時候出現,

體型只有現在大熊貓的一半大,

看上去像一隻胖胖的狗,

其化石被定名為大熊貓的小種。

從它們的化石牙齒推測,

小型大熊貓已進化為

兼食竹類的雜食獸。

其後它們進一步

適應了亞熱帶竹林生活,

體型逐漸增大,

並在距今50~70萬年時達到了鼎盛期。

Chinese people have long known the existence of the giant panda, which was recorded in legends and literature as early as over two thousand years ago. However, the official recognition and classification of the animal was about 150 years ago.

中國人對大熊貓的認識由來已久,

早在文字產生初期

就記載了大熊貓的各種稱謂。

《書經》稱其為貔,

《峨眉山志》稱貔貅,

《獸經》稱貉,

而李時珍的《本草綱目》則稱貘等等。

而正式地發現並定義這一物種,

則要等到19世紀中期了。

In March, 1869, French botanist and zoologist Armand David found the trace of what local people called "white bear" or "spotted bear" during his scientific exploration in Baoxing County in southwestern China's Sichuan Province. With the help of local hunters, Armand collected a complete sample of the "white bear" on Apr.1 — an animal similar to bear with white and black fur and hairy soles. That was a strange creature he had never seen before.

1869年3月,

法國動植物學家

阿爾芒•戴維德(Armand David)

在中國四川雅安寶興縣的

鄧池溝(穆坪)教堂附近科學考察時,

發現了被當地人稱為

「白熊、花熊」的蹤跡。

通過當地獵人的幫助,

1869年4月1日

他採集到了「白熊」標本:

毛色有黑有白,

腳掌底部多毛,

樣子像熊。

這是他從未見過的奇異動物。

So Armand sent the sample to France for further identification. Being identified by Alphonse Milne-Edwards, scientist of Muséum national d'histoire naturelle (National Museum of Natural History), the "white and black bear" was defined as a new species and named "panda". Hence, the giant panda entered human's vision. It happens that the year of 2019 is the 150th anniversary of the "discovery" of the species. People add "giant" before panda in order to distinguish it from the red panda, another animal similar to raccoon.

阿爾芒將採集到的標本

和骨骼送到法國,

經巴黎自然歷史博物館科學家

阿方索•米奈•愛德華

(Alphonse Milne-Edwards)鑑定,

認為「黑白熊」是一個新物種,

定名為貓熊,

鑑定報告發表在1869年

《巴黎自然歷史博物館之新文檔》第五卷。

從此,

隱居荒野的大貓熊

開始進入人類的視野,

2019年

正好是發現大熊貓150周年。

About the life of "Gungun"

為什麼要叫它熊貓?

The major habitat of giant pandas is located in mountainous areas around China's Sichuan Basin in Sichuan Province and Qinling Mountains in the south of Shaanxi Province. As a result of habitat loss and human's hunting, "Gungun" became an endangered species and its number slumped. Realizing the importance and urgency of protecting giant pandas, China has devoted a lot of human resources and capital to the conservation and research of the species, such as wild giant panda rescue, habitat protection and artificial captivity, contributing to great recovery of the endangered species.

大熊貓的近代名稱,

最初叫「貓熊」或「大貓熊」,

意思是它的臉型像貓那樣圓胖,

但體型又像熊。

由於在上世紀50年代前,

中文的書寫方式是直書,

閱讀順序是從右到左,

而改為橫書後閱讀順序

則變成了從左到右。

據說,

1939年四川北碚博物館在展出時,

說明標題採用橫書書寫,

名「貓熊」,

而當時的參觀者習慣了

直書從右到左的閱讀順序,

所以將「貓熊」誤認成了「熊貓」。

According to incomplete statistics, the number of wild pandas reached about 2,000 globally by the end of 2016; and by the end of 2019, the number of global captive pandas is 600. A positive signal of the protection of the species is that the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) reclassified giant panda from "endangered" to "vulnerable" at the end of 2016.

從那以後,

四川地區的人們就習慣將

「貓熊」叫做「熊貓」,

久而久之其它地區的人們

也習慣叫它「熊貓」了。

而之所以叫「大熊貓」,

是為了與另一種形似浣熊的動物

——小熊貓進行區分。

「滾滾」們現在生活得怎麼樣?

大熊貓現存的主要棲息地,

是中國四川盆地周邊的山區

和陝西南部的秦嶺地區。

由於棲息地被破壞以及人類的大量捕殺,

「滾滾」一度成為瀕危動物,

種群數量不斷減少,

保護大熊貓迫在眉睫。

在認識到保護大熊貓的重要性和迫切性後,

中國在過去的數十年間

投入了大量人力、物力

開展大熊貓保護與研究工作,

從野外救助、棲息地保護、

人工圈養等多方面入手,

使這一瀕危種群得到了極大恢復。

據不完全統計,

到2016年末,

全世界野生大熊貓數量

大約為2000隻;

到2019年底,

全球圈養大熊貓種群數量達到了600隻。

2016年末,

世界自然保護聯盟(IUCN)

將大熊貓的受威脅等級

從「瀕危級」降為「易危級」。

野生大熊貓生活在大山裡,

想要一睹它們的風採實屬不易。

不過不要擔心,

我們推薦給大家幾處

可以欣賞大熊貓的地方。

如果你想去看看可愛的「滾滾」,

千萬不要錯過啦~

While it's very hard to see wild giant pandas since most of them live in deep mountains, there are places for you to appreciate the adorable animals:

Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding (the Panda Base)

成都大熊貓繁育研究基地

The Panda Base is located about 10km from downtown Chengdu and 30km from Chengdu Shuangliu Internationl Airport. It is a prestigious base for giant panda's off-site conservation, breeding, scientific education and educational tourism worldwide, boasting the largest number of captive giant pandas. Besides, the Base is a must-see place for tourists to the city.

成都大熊貓繁育研究基地

位於中國四川省成都市

成華區外北熊貓大道1375號,

距市中心10公裡,

距成都雙流國際機場30餘公裡,

是世界著名的大熊貓遷地保護基地、

科研繁育基地、公眾教育基地

和教育旅遊基地,

以保護和繁育大熊貓、小熊貓等

中國特有瀕危野生動物而聞名於世,

擁有全球最大的

圈養大熊貓人工繁殖種群。

這裡,

可是來成都必去打卡的

超級熱門景點之一哦!

"Panda Valley"— Dujiangyan Field Research Center for Giant Pandas

「熊貓谷」——成都大熊貓繁育研究基地都江堰繁育野放研究中心

"Panda Valley" in Dujiangyan City, is adjacent to the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project and Mount Qingcheng, 50km from Chengdu.

「熊貓谷」坐落於

中國四川成都都江堰市玉堂鎮馬家溝,

毗鄰都江堰千年水利工程

和道家聖地青城山,

距成都市50公裡,

離都江堰市區約3公裡。

這裡竹木成蔭,

溪流潺潺,鳥語花香,

自然氣候條件得天獨厚,

擁有700餘種動植物,

是天然的大熊貓野化放歸基地。

The "Panda Valley" opened to the public on April 20, 2015. Currently, it possesses three giant panda wild transition training enclosures and one semi-wild transition training zone, where over ten giant pandas are receiving adaptive training to the wild.

「熊貓谷」於

2015年4月20日正式對外開放。

目前擁有三棟大熊貓野化過渡訓練獸舍

和一個半野化訓練場,

常年有10餘只大熊貓

在這裡開展野放適應性訓練研究。

如果擔心

成都大熊貓繁育研究基地的遊客太多,

那就來這裡吧,

在這裡你可以慢慢地欣賞大熊貓的一舉一動。

China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Dujiangyan Base

(also called "Panda Park" or "China's Giant Panda Garden in Dujiangyan)

中國大熊貓保護研究中心都江堰基地

(又名「熊貓樂園」「都江堰中華大熊貓苑」)

Dujiangyan Base is 18km from downtown Dujiangyan.

中國大熊貓保護研究中心都江堰基地

由中國香港特別行政區政府援建,

地處中國四川成都都江堰市

青城山鎮石橋村懷中路,

距都江堰市區18公裡,

北鄰道教聖地青城山,

南鄰川西街子古鎮,

緊鄰大熊貓棲息地世界遺產區域,

擁有適宜大熊貓生活的氣候和自然環境。

It is the only R&D agency focusing on professional panda rescue and disease prevention, composed of seven functional zones of diseases prevention and research, rescue and quarantine, rehabilitation training, public education, administrative office and the natural landscape area.

這裡是中國唯一的

以大熊貓疾病防控、野外救護為主

的科研機構,

園區內竹林婆娑,

綠樹成蔭,空氣清新,

其綠色三星建築與自然環境巧妙融合,

為大熊貓創造了一個良好的生活環境。

一些上了年紀或在其它地方受傷的

大熊貓都會被送到這裡來調理、治療。

China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Ya'an Bifengxia Base

中國保護大熊貓研究中心雅安碧峰峽基地

Ya'an Bifengxia Base is located in Bifeng Gorge Scenic Spot, Ya'an City, about 15km from the city proper. It has an R&D center, a hospital, a cub nursing center, a breeding center and a display center of giant pandas. It's home to more than forty giant pandas by 2018.

中國保護大熊貓研究中心雅安碧峰峽基地

位於四川省雅安市雨城區碧峰峽風景區內,

距雅安市區約15公裡。

該基地建有大熊貓科研中心、

大熊貓醫院、大熊貓育幼中心、

大熊貓繁育配種中心、

大熊貓對外展示中心等。

截止到2018年,

有40餘只大熊貓在這裡快樂地生活。

剛剛從美國歸來的

旅美大熊貓「貝貝」就住在這裡噢。

China Conservation and Research Center for the Giant Panda, Wolong Shenshuping Base

中國保護大熊貓研究中心臥龍神樹坪基地

Wolong Shenshuping Base opened on May 11, 2016. It has three functional areas of feeding, adaptive training to the wild and public education of wild animals and 59 accommodations for giant pandas.

2016年5月11日,

中國保護大熊貓研究中心

臥龍神樹坪基地開園,

基地位於四川臥龍國家級自然保護區

管理局耿達鄉神樹坪——黃草坪區域,

總建築面積為19844.51平方米。

基地分為大熊貓飼養、野化培訓

和野生動物公眾教育3大功能區,

擁有59套大熊貓圈舍,

並配套了遊客接待中心,

科研辦公樓,科普教育中心,

獸醫院,圈養大熊貓野化培訓區等。

來源 | GoChengdu

原標題:《The Story of the Black & White 「Living Fossil」︱一隻黑白「活化石」的前世今生》

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