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During World War Two, thousands of Japanese pilots volunteered to bekamikaze, suicidally crashing their planes in the name of their emperor. Morethan 70 years on, the BBC's Mariko Oi asks what these once revered men mean toJapan's youth.
Irrational, heroicand stupid: this was what three young people in Tokyo said when I asked themabout their views on the kamikaze.
"Heroic?"queried Shunpei, of his younger brother Sho's choice of word. "I didn'trealise you were so right wing?"
It is difficult toverify the figures but it is believed that 3-4,000 Japanese pilots crashedtheir planes into an enemy target on purpose.
Only 10% of missionswere believed to be successful but they sank some 50 Allied vessels.
第二次世界大戰期間，日本數千名飛行員自願成為神風特攻隊的成員，以他們天皇的名義進行自殺式的飛機襲擊，70多年過去了，BBC的Mariko 試圖了解這些曾經受人尊敬的男人對日本年輕人意味著什麼。
荒謬、英勇無畏以及愚蠢的：這是在我問他們對神風隊員的看法時，三個東京的年輕人說的。
「英勇？」他的弟弟選擇質疑江俊平的話：「我沒想到你是如此的右傾」
很難核實數據，但可以相信的是，有3000——4000名日本飛行員將飛機撞向敵機。
只有10%的任務被認為是成功的，但他們擊沉了大約50艘盟軍船隻。
Decades after the war, opinions on the kamikaze pilotsremain divided, partly because their legacy has been used repeatedly as apolitical tool.
"During the seven years of the Allied occupationof Japan, the kamikaze reputation was one of the first things that they wentafter," Prof MG Sheftall from Shizuoka University explained.
The suicidal tactic was portrayed as"insanity".
"But when the Allies left in 1952, the right wingnationalists came out strongly and they have carried out multi-generationalefforts to seize back control of the narrative," he says.
"Even in the 1970s and 80s, the vast majority ofJapanese people thought of the kamikaze as something shameful, a crimecommitted by the state against their family members.
"But in the 1990s, the nationalists startedtesting the water, seeing whether they could get away with calling the kamikazepilots heroes. When they didn't get much push back, they got bolder andbolder," he added.
戰爭結束後的幾十年裡，關於神風敢死隊飛行員的意見仍然存在分歧，部分原因是他們的遺產被反覆被作為一種政治工具使用。
「在盟軍佔領日本的七年裡，敢死隊的名聲是他們追求的首要目標之一，」來自靜岡縣大學的MG教授解釋道。
自殺戰術被描述為「瘋狂」。
他說:「但是，當盟軍在1952年離開時，強烈的右翼民族主義者站出來，他們進行了幾代人的努力，以奪回對敘事的控制權。」
「即使在上世紀七八十年代，絕大多數的日本人都認為神風敢死隊是可恥的，是國家對其家庭成員犯下的罪行。」
但在20世紀90年代，民族主義者開始試水，看他們是否能成功地把「敢死隊」的飛行員稱為英雄。當他們沒有得到多大的反擊時，他們變得越來越大膽。」他補充道。
Wouldyou fight for your country?
A survey of several countries in 2015 by Win/Gallupfound that 11% of Japanese people would be prepared to fight for their country.
§ Pakistan:89%
§ India:75%
§ Turkey:73%
§ China:71%
§ Russia:59%
§ US:44%
§ UK:27%
§ Japan:11%
你願意為國家而戰嗎？
2015年度對幾個國家的調查發現，11%的日本人願意為自己的國家而戰。
巴基斯坦：89%
印度：75%
土耳其：73%
中國：71%
俄羅斯：59%
美國：44%
英國：27%
日本：11%
In the 2000s, films such as For Those We Love and TheEternal Zero were released, portraying the kamikaze as just that - heroes.
But even Sho, the teenager who said they were heroic,admitted that his views had been affected by films and said that if Japan wentto war tomorrow, he wouldn't be prepared to die for his country.
"It's because I cannot do it, " he said. "Ifind them heroic and courageous."
In fact, only 11% of Japanese nationals would bewilling to fight for the country at all, according to a global survey byWIN/Gallup International. That places Japan at the bottom of the list.
The result is hardly surprising given that Japan'spost-war generation was brought up under a pacifist constitution which bannedthe nation from having a military.
在本世紀初，《我們愛的人》和《永恆的零》這樣的電影上映，把神風特攻隊描繪成英雄。
但即使是稱他們英勇的少年，也承認他的觀點受到了電影的影響，他說，如果日本明天開戰，他就不會為自己的國家而死。
「這是因為我做不到，」他說。「但我發現他們英勇無畏。」
事實上，根據蓋洛普全球調查，只有11%的日本國民願意為國家而戰。日本排名墊底。
這一結果並不令人驚訝，因為日本戰後的一代是在一個和平憲法的基礎上發展起來的，該憲法禁止該國擁有軍隊。
'I didn'twant to die'
But is it true that all kamikaze pilots, who weremostly aged between 17 and 24, were wholly willing to die for their country?
When I spoke to two rare survivors, now in their 90s,the answer appeared to be no.
"I would say 60-70% of us were eager to sacrificeourselves for the emperor, but the rest probably questioned why they had togo," 94-year-old Osamu Yamada told me at his home in Nagoya. Before hecarried out his mission, the war ended.
"I was single at that time and had nothingholding me back so I had one genuine thought in mind and that is I must givemyself up to defend Japan. But for those who had families, they must havethought very differently."
Keiichi Kuwahara, 91, was one of those who couldn'tstop thinking about his family. He told me about the moment he was told to bepart of the kamikaze unit.
"I felt myself going pale." He was only 17."I was scared. I didn't want to die."
"I lost my father the year before, so it was onlymy mother and my older sister working to support the family. I was sendingmoney to them from my salary. I thought, what will happen if I die? How will myfamily eat?"
So when his engines malfunctioned and he was forced tocome back, he was relieved.
But on paper, Mr Kuwahara was considered to havevolunteered. "Was I forced or did I volunteer? It is a difficult questionto answer if you don't understanding the essence of the military," hesaid.
Prof Sheftall says the pilots were asked to put theirhand up in a big group if they didn't want to volunteer. Amid peer pressure,hardly anyone was able to say no to the mission.
「我不想死」
但是，大多數年齡在17歲到24歲之間的神風特攻隊飛行員都願意為自己的國家而死，這是真的嗎?
當我和兩個罕見的倖存者交談時，他們的回答似乎是否定的。
94歲的OsamuYamada在他在名古屋的家中告訴我:「我想說，我們中有60- 70%的人渴望為天皇犧牲自己，但其他人可能會質疑他們為什麼要走。」在他執行任務之前，戰爭結束了。
「當時我是單身，沒有任何阻礙，所以我有一個真實的想法，那就是我必須為保衛日本而放棄自己。」但對於那些有家庭的人來說，他們的想法肯定是非常不同的。
91歲的Kuwahara是那些無法停止想念他家庭的人之一。他告訴我，他被告知要成為神風特攻隊的一員。
「我覺得自己臉色蒼白。」他只有17歲。「我很害怕。我不想死。」
「前年我失去了父親，所以只有我母親和我的姐姐在努力養家。」我把工資寄給他們。我想，如果我死了會怎麼樣?我的家人會怎麼餬口?」
所以當他的引擎出故障，他被迫回來時，他鬆了一口氣。
但在名義上，Kuwahara被認為是自願的。「我是被迫的還是自願的?」如果你不理解軍隊的本質，這是一個很難回答的問題，」他說。
謝夫高教授說，如果飛行員不想做志願者，他們就會被要求把他們放在一個大的團隊中。在同伴的壓力下，幾乎沒有人能對任務說不。
Thekamikaze are often compared in modern time to terrorists who carry out suicidemissions, but Mr Kuwahara said that's not accurate.
"Ithink the two are completely different," said Mr Kuwahara. "Kamikazeactions were taken only because it was wartime. With the so-called IslamicState the attacks are unpredictable."
Mr Yamadathinks the word kamikaze, which means "divine wind" in Japanese, ismisunderstood and used inappropriately in English without understanding thehistorical context of what Japan was facing at the time.
"Ithurts me because kamikaze was my youth. It was an innocent thing. It really wassomething pure. It was much more sublime. But now it is being discussed as ifwe were induced," he said.
After thewar Mr Kuwahara, who had been reluctant about his mission, said he feltliberated and that he needed to think about how to rebuild the country.
But MrYamada took a while to adjust.
"Iwas disoriented, I felt powerless, I lost my sense of self, as if my soul waspulled out of me," he recalled.
"Askamikaze pilots, we were all prepared to die, so when I heard that we weredefeated, I felt like the bottom had fallen out of my world."
It wasthe necessity to work, get food and survive in post-war Japan that kept himgoing.
And thevery man he had been willing to die for, Emperor Hirohito, ultimately played arole in him moving on from the war because he set an example by shaking handswith the Americans.
在現代，神風敢死隊經常與執行自殺任務的恐怖分子進行比較，但Kuwahara稱這並不準確。
「我認為兩者完全不同，」Kuwahara先生說。「Kamikaze的行動僅僅因為它是戰時的。」但是所謂的「伊斯蘭國」的襲擊是不可預測的。
Yamada先生認為，日本語中的「神風」這個詞在英語中被誤解和使用不當，而不理解當時日本所面臨的歷史背景。
他說「這傷害了我，因為神風特攻隊是我的青春。這是一件天真無邪的事。它真的是純粹的東西。它更加崇高。但現在討論的問題就好像我們被誘導了一樣。」
戰爭結束後，一直不願執行任務的Kuwahara說，他感到解放了，他需要考慮如何重建這個國家。
但Yamada先生花了很長一段時間來調整。
「我迷失了方向，我感到無能為力，我失去了自我的感覺，就好像我的靈魂被從我身上拽出來一樣，」他回憶道。
「作為神風特攻隊的飛行員，我們都做好了死亡的準備，所以當我聽說我們被擊敗的時候，我感覺就像是重心已經從我的世界裡消失了。」
在戰後的日本，工作、獲取食物和生存的必要性使他得以繼續工作。
他一直願意的為他而死的那個人，仁裕天皇，最終在他的戰爭中扮演了一個角色，因為他通過與美國人握手樹立了一個榜樣。
"Theemperor, his majesty, was the heart of Japan. I think the presence of EmperorHirohito helped the Japanese to recover from the war," he said.
ForJapan's post-war generation, the experiences of former kamikaze pilots are unimaginable,even to their own family members.
"Butwhen I think about his life, I notice that my life isn't mine alone," MrYamada's granddaughter Yoshiko Hasegawa told me. "I am obliged to live forthose who could have been born as the children and grandchildren of thesoldiers who died during the war."
MrKuwahara's grandson, meanwhile, is unaware of exactly what he went through as a17-year-old trainee pilot.
"Butthat's the peaceful Japan I wanted to create," he smiled. To him, hisgrandson's ignorance is proof that the country has moved on from its painfulpast.
他說：「天皇陛下，就是日本的心臟。我認為裕仁天皇的出現幫助日本人從戰爭中恢復過來。
對於戰後的日本一代來說，前神風敢死隊飛行員的經歷是無法想像的，甚至連他們自己的家庭成員也無法想像。」
「但當我想到他的生活時，我注意到我的生活並不是我一個人的，」 Yamada的孫女Yoshiko Hasegawa告訴我。「我有義務為那些在戰爭中犧牲的士兵的子孫後代生活。」
與此同時，Kuwahara的孫子也不知道他作為一名17歲的實習飛行員所經歷的一切。
「但這是我想創造的寧靜的日本，」他微笑著說。對他來說，他孫子的不知情證明了這個國家已經從痛苦的過去中走出來了。
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