動詞的時態語態(三)
時態：表示動作發生或存在狀態以及表現方式的一種動詞形式。
語態：用來說明主語和謂語之間關係的一種動詞形式。
主動語態表示句子的主語是動作的執行者或行為的主體；
被動語態表示主語是動作的承受者或行為的對象
英語中，在不同時間，以不同的方式發生的動作或存在的狀態要用動詞的不同形式表現出來，動詞的這些不同形式構成了動詞的時態。一般來說，發生在現在的事情用現在的時態進行描述，發生在過去的事情，用過去的時態進行描述，將要發生的事情用將來的時態進行描述。英語中的時態共計16種，常用的有12種。
| 時間 方式 | 現在 | 過去 | 將來 | 過去將來 |
| 一般 | works | worked | shall/ will work | should/ would work |
| 進行 | am/ is/ are working | was/ were working | shall/ will be working | should/ would be working |
| 完成 | have/ has worked | had worked | shall/ will have worked | should/ would have worked |
| 完成進行 | have/ has been working | had been working | shall/ will have been working | should/ would have been working |
在高中階段，我們將會主要學習到的時態有：一般現在時、一般過去時、一般將來時、現在進行時、過去進行時、現在完成時、過去完成時、現在完成進行時。本次課我們主要講解現在完成時、過去完成時、將來完成時、現在完成進行時
一. 現在完成時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式： have/has+done（過去分詞）
否定形式： have/has+not+done（過去分詞）
一般疑問句： Have/Has+…
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 基本用法：
① 表示動作發生在過去，但其結果影響到現在，常用時間狀語有：already, yet, now, just, by this time, so far, by now。（過發現影）
例：I have just come back from the United States.
② 表示動作或狀態從過去某一時刻開始，一直持續到現在，還可能持續下去，常用的時間狀語有：all day, the whole day, up to now, all one's life, so far, in the past/ last few years, "since + 時間點"，"for + 時間段"。（過發持續）
例：I have been in the library for a whole morning.
3. 注意點：
① has gone to和has been to的區別（通常出現在對話中）
has gone to 表示"已去了某地"。（現在還未回來）
has been to 表示"過去曾去過某地"。（現在已不在該地）
例：A: Where have you been recently?
B: I have been to Tianjin. （人在現場）
A: Where is your father?
B: He has gone to the library. （人不在現場）
② 動詞按其動作發生的方式?發生過程的長短可分為延續性動詞與非延續性動詞。
延續性動詞表示動作的可持續性，可以和表示一段時間的狀語。如：live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等。
如：We have lived in China since 2001.自從2001年以來，我們一直住在中國。
You can keep the book for two weeks.你可以借用這本書兩周。
非延續性動詞表示瞬間動作，動作一經發生立即結束，如：buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come, catch等。
如：He has been here for five days. 他已經到這兒五天了。（這裡不能用has arrived here）
T The film has been on for ten minutes. 電影已經開始十分鐘了。（這裡不能用has begun）
非延續性動詞與一段時間連用時可採用下列三種方法：
1. 將非延續性動詞轉化為延續性動詞
| 非延續性動詞 | 延續性動詞 |
| buy | have |
| borrow | keep |
| open | be open |
| close | be closed |
| begin/start | be on |
| come | be here |
| leave | be away from |
| finish | be over |
| died | be dead |
| join | be (in) |
2. 將時間狀語改為過去時間，用一般過去時代替現在完成時
誤：The old man has died for eight years.
正：The old man died eight years ago.
3. 用句型It is +一段時間+since +從句（從句用過去時）
It is eight years since the old man died.
③ 用在時間狀語從句或條件狀語從句中，表示將來某個時間完成的動作
例：I will surf the Internet when I have finished all the housework.
④ 相關句型：
1. This/ That/ It is the first/ second/ …time (that)....意為"這/ 那是第幾次……" "從句常用完成時態"為其時態的固定用法。主句為現在時，從句中用現在完成時。
例：This is the first time (that) she has been abroad. 這是她第一次出國。
2. This/That/It is the +形容詞最高級+名詞+that…意為這是…做過的最…的事情
例：This is the best film that I have seen. 這是我看過的最好看的電影。
3. "It is+段時間 + since從句"意為"自從….以來有多長時間了"，"多長時間沒有做某事了"
例：It is 10 years since I came here. 我來這裡已經十年了。
It is 10 years since I worked in Xinjiang. 我不在新疆工作已經有十年了。
⑤ 一般過去時和現在完成時的區別
for+一段時間：一般過去時V.S. 現在完成時
判斷動作是否持續到現在：是- 現在完成時/現在完成進行時 否- 一般過去時
1. - Has Linda come back from Canada?
- Yes. She _____ there for eight years.
A. has stayed B. stays C. stayed D. had stayed
2. Liu Fang is a company CEO now, but she ____ as a teacher in a middle school for three years.
A. worked B. has worked C. works D. had worked
3. --- Your family is moving to Hawaii? Why?
--- We _______ about a change of scenery for some time.
A. have thought B. had thought
C. think D. thought
答案： C A A
二. 過去完成時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式：had+done
否定形式：had+not+done
一般疑問句： Had+…+done+…?
特殊疑問詞：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 用法
① 表示一個動作或一種狀態在過去某一時間或動作之前已經完成或結束，即發生在"過去的過去"，注意：只有和過去某時間或某動作相比較時才能用到這一時態。常用用的時間狀語有：by the end of,+過去時間，by that time, "before + 過去時間或從句"，"when + 從句"。
例：Most of the guests had left when he arrived at the party.
The roads were full of cars; we hadn't thought of that.
② 表示過去某一時間的動作或狀態持續到過去另一時間，還可能持續下去，常用的時間狀語有："since + 過去時間點或從句"，"for + 時間段"。
例：I had worked in a car factory for two years before I came here.
③ hope, wish, plan, want, mean(意圖)，intend, think, expect等用於過去完成時態，表示過去未曾實現的"計劃、打算、企圖、願望、想法"等，多譯為"本想（本打算、本以為）…."
例：I had planned to send you a birthday gift.
The boy had meant to come in but we refused him.
3. 句型
① This/ That/ It is/ was the first/ second/ …time (that)....意為"這/ 那是第幾次……" "從句常用完成時態"為其時態的固定用法。主句是過去時，從句用過去完成時。
例：That was the first time (that) she had been abroad. 那是她第一次出國。
② "It was + 段時間 + since從句"意為"自從….以來有多長時間了"，"多長時間沒有做某事了" "主句用一般過去時，從句用過去完成時"為其時態的固定用法。
例：It was five years since I had seen the famous actress. 我已經有五年沒有見到那位著名的女演員了。
③ "主句 + by the time + 從句"意為"到…..為止" "從句用一般過去時，主句用過去完成時"為其時態的固定用法。
例：The meeting had been over by the time we got there. 我們到達那裡時會議已經結束了。
④ hardly…when/ no sooner…than 意為"剛（一）……就" "主句用過去完成時，從句用一般過去時"為其時態的固定用法。如：
例：Rose had hardly heard the news when she burst into tears. 羅斯一聽到消息就哭了起來。
We had no sooner arrived at the station than the train left. 我們一到達火車站，火車就啟動了。
三. 將來完成時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式：sb shall/will have done sth
否定形式：sb shall/will have not done sth
一般疑問句：Shall/Will sb have done sth?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 用法
將來完成時的結構是"shall/ will + have +動詞的過去分詞"，表示在將來某一時間點上會完成的動作，並對將來某一時間產生影響。常用時間狀語有："before + 將來時間"，"by + 將來時間"，before 或 by the time 引導的現在時的從句。
例：We shall have finished the work by the end of next week.
3. 句型
"主句 + by the time + 從句"意為"到…..為止"
"從句用一般現在時，主句用將來完成時/一般將來時"為其時態的固定用法。
例：I will have finished all my work by the time you come back. 到你回來時，我將已經完成所有工作了。
四. 現在完成進行時
1. 基本結構
肯定形式：sb have/has been doing sth
否定形式：sb have/has not been doing sth
一般疑問句：Have/Has sb been doing sth?
特殊疑問句：特殊疑問詞+一般疑問句
2. 用法
現在完成進行時態多用延續性動詞，如live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，並常和all the time(一直)，this week, this month, all the morning, recently等狀語以及since和for所引導的狀語從句或短語連用（since和for連用時，動作常會繼續下去）。
① 表示從過去某一時刻開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去
例：I have been learning English since three years ago. (動作可能會持續下去)
② 表示在說話時刻之前剛剛結束的動作
We have been waiting for you for half an hour. (動作不再繼續下去了)
3. 注意：現在完成時和現在完成進行時的區別
現在完成時表示動作已完成，強調結果，而現在完成進行時側重於動作尚未完成和仍在進行，強調的是動作。
例：I have read his latest book. 我已經讀過他的新書。(動作已完成)
I have been reading his latest book. 我一直在讀他的新書。(動作未完成)
She has stayed in Beijing for six weeks. 她已在北京呆了六周。(強調動作已完成)
She has been staying in Beijing for six weeks. 她在北京呆了有六周了。(強調動作的持續性)
1. 觀察下列例句，將序號填入對應用法之後的空白欄中
| 時態 | 用法 | |||
| 現在完成時 | 「過發現影」：過去發生的動作對現在造成的影響，常與already，just，yet等連用 | 「過發持續」：過去發生的動作持續到現在，常與so far, until now, 「for+時間段」，「since+時間點連用」 | ||
| 固定句型： This/It is the first/second/last time that+現在完成時 This/It is the+形容詞最高級+名詞+that+現在完成時 | ||||
| 過去完成時 | 「過去的過去」：表示在過去某一時刻或動作以前完成了的動作，常與「by+過去時間」或「by the time+時間狀語從句」連用 | |||
| 表示原本打算實現而未實現的希望或計劃。常用此結構的動詞有hope, want, expect, think, mean, suppose, intend 等 | ||||
| 用於no sooner… than; hardly… when的句型中 | ||||
| 將來完成時 | 表示在將來的一個特定時刻將成為過去的動作或該時刻剛剛結束的動作，常與也可與「by+將來時間」或「by the time+現在時的時間狀語從句」連用 | |||
| 現在完成進行時 | 表示從過去某時開始一直持續到現在的動作，並且還將持續下去,常與「for+時間段」或者「since+時間點連用」 | |||
⑴ I received a letter from a friend yesterday. We had not heard from each other since 1990
⑵ I hope we'll have got the instructions (說明書) ready before you come tomorrow.
⑶ We had hoped to catch the 9:30 train, but we failed to.
⑷ I had no sooner returned than he called.
⑸ I have been waiting an hour and he still hasn't turned up.
⑹ I have cleaned the house. It's tidy now.
⑺ I have watched him several times.
⑻ It is the first time that I have visited the Beijing Zoo.
⑼ I am very tired. I have been working all morning.
⑽ We have discussed the topic (for) the last 3 weeks.
⑾ This is the most terrible movie that I have ever watched.
2. 單項選擇
1. So far a large number of volunteers ______ in Ya'an to help the survivors.
A. have arrived B. are arriving C. has arrived D. is arriving
2. It was the first time that I _____ the movie, and I fell in love with it at once.
A. was watching B. was watching
C. have watched D. had watched
3. Kate still can not go to school .She ______sick since last Monday .
A. had been B. was C. has been D. is
4. Jonny, I can't believe how much you have changed! You _____ at least one foot!
A. grow B. grew
C. have grown D. are growing
5. --- How long did you own your first car?
--- We ____ it for six months before it was stolen.
A. had owned B. owned C. has owned D. would own
6. --- Jack, do you know anything about Doctor Brown?
--- I ______ to him for years. I don't see how anyone else could do better.
A. went B. will go
C. had gone D. have been going
7. --- Have you received your new shoes?
--- Yes. And at the same time I got the jacket I _____.
A. had ordered B. ordered C. have ordered D. order
8. --- Why do you want to apply for the position as a history teacher?
--- This is the job that I ______.
A. looked for B. had looked for
C. will look for D. have been looking for
9. --- Guess what? I happened to meet Johnson in the street last Friday.
--- If my memory serves me correctly, you ____ each other for ages.
A. haven't seen B. hadn't seen C. didn't see D. don't see
10. When she entered the police station, she recognized the man who ______ her at once.
A. was attacking B. attacked
C. had attacked D. would attack
11. --- This is the most exciting movie I have ever watched.
--- Where did you get that DVD? I ______ to find it since last summer.
A. was trying B. tried
C. had tried D. have been trying
12. With its rapid growth in population, the city _____in all directions in the last five years.
A. spreads B. had spread C. spread D. has spread
13. Since he left our school last August, Mr. Newman ______ on a photography exhibition.
A. worked B. is working\
C. had worked D. has been working
14. My father _____ away for two months．I want to do something special for him when he comes back next week.
A. will be B. has been C. was D. had been
15. --- The battery in my cell phone is running low.
--- I that last night before we went to bed.
A. was noticing B. have noticed
C. would notice D. had noticed
3. 翻譯練習
① 到目前為止，我已到紐約去過三次。
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② 這是她第一次讀這本書。
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③ 當我們到達電影院的時候，電影已經結束了。
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④ 這是我迄今為止吃過的最好吃的漢堡。
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⑤ 到下個月末，我們將會完成所有的工程。
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⑥ 她一看到媽媽就哭了出來。
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