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第一段
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom — or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.
All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore — and another $120 to get the results.
翻譯譯文:
再睿智的父親也未必能認出自己的孩子,但現在男性能夠提升其為人父的智慧或者說至少能確認自己就是孩子的父親。他所需要做的僅僅是花30美元到鄰近藥店購買一份父子關係鑑定工具包(PTK) , 再花上120美元即可得到檢測結果。
第二段
More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first became available without prescriptions last years,according to Doug Fogg, chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.
More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2,500.
翻譯譯文:
第三段
Among the most popular: paternity and kinship testing, which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.
DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists — and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.
翻譯譯文:
基因檢測中最受歡迎的有父子關係和親屬關係鑑定,被領養的孩子可利用它來找尋到血親,家庭可利用它來追蹤到給人領養的孩子。基因檢測最近還在極富熱情的系譜學家當中掀起一陣風——也為提供尋根問祖業務的企業提供支持。
第四段
Most tests require collecting cells by swabbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for testing.
All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.
翻譯譯文:
大多數檢測都需要用棉籤蘸取口中唾液採集細胞,並將唾液送到指定公司進行檢測。所有的檢測都需要一位潛在對照者, 以便進行DNA比對。
第五段
But some observers are skeptical.
「There’s a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,」 says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.
He notes that each individual has many ancestors — numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.
Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which is passed down only from mothers.
This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.
翻譯譯文:
但一些觀察家持懷疑態度。紐約大學社會學家特洛伊·達斯特說,「那些聲稱自己在做家譜檢測的人所宣揚的是一種偽精確。」他指出,每個人都有許多位祖先——僅上溯幾百年就數以百計。然而大部分家譜檢測只考慮單一的譜系,或者是同一父系男性遺傳的Y染色體,或者是僅通過母親傳遞(給子女)的線粒體DNA。這種DNA只能揭示一兩位祖先的基因信息,儘管,譬如,僅上溯三代,每個人還有另外六位曾祖,上溯四代,還有另外十四位高祖。
第六段
Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to which a sample is compared.
Databases used by some companies don’t rely on data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects.
This means that a DNA database may have a lot of data from some regions and not others, so a person’s test results may differ depending on the company that processes the results.
In addition, the computer programs a company uses to estimate relationships may be patented and not subject to peer review or outside evaluation.
翻譯譯文:
批評者還指出商業基因檢測的好壞只取決於用於樣本比對的參考資料庫。很多公司使用的資料庫並未系統地收集數據,而是將不同研究項目的信息混雜合併一起。這意味著某個DNA資料庫可能有來自某些地區的大量數據,但缺乏其他地區的數據,因此同一個人的檢測結果會隨著處理研究結果的公司不同而存在差異。另外,公司用於判定親屬關係的電腦程式可能申請了專利,從而不接受同行評審或外界評估。
試卷習題
26. In paragraphs 1 and 2, the text shows PTK’s______
[A] easy availability
[B] flexibility in pricing
[C] successful promotion
[D] popularity with households
翻譯:
26.文章第一、二段說明,父子關係鑑定工具包______
[A]容易獲得
[B]定價靈活
[C]推銷成功
[D]受家庭歡迎
答案解析:
[定位]首段末句指出「花30美元即可從當地藥店購買PTK」, 第二段首句進而指出「無需醫師處方即可購買PTK, 購買者人數眾多」。由此可見, 「容易獲得」是其特點, [A] 正確。
[解密]正確項[A] easy availability是對首段末句All he needs to do is...(PTK) a this local drugstore、二段首句More than 60, 000 people have purchased the PT Ks、available without prescriptions、over-the-counter所傳遞出的「PTK簡單易行」的高度概括。
[B] 將第二段句「不同商家提供的DNA檢測價位不同」縮小範圍並曲解為「PTK定價靈活」。[C] 將第二段句「醫藥政策變化給PTK銷售帶來影響」偷換為「推銷手段的影響」。[D] 將第二段句「很多人購買(More than 60, 000 people have purchased) 」的客觀事實過度推導為「受到很多家庭歡迎」的主觀感受。
[總結]本題形為「特點考查題」,實則考段群主旨。解答步驟為:一、用題幹關鍵詞在段落群中搜索反覆出現的關鍵信息並歸納概括出語義重心,二、確定各項語義重點,三、將兩者匹配,敲定答案。
如本題, 根據題幹關鍵詞PTK鎖定首段末句及第二段首句, 並由兩句深層語義重複at local drugstore、...available without prescriptions、the over-the-counter kits、sell...directly to the public推斷語義重心為「PTK獲取便利」;再匹配各個選項語義重心([A] 獲取難易程度、[B] 定價特徵、[C] 銷售特點、[D]受歡迎程度)即可推導出答案[A]。
27. PTK is used to______
[A] locate one’s birth place
[B] promote genetic research
[C] identify parent-child kinship
[D] choose children for adoption
翻譯:
27.父子關係鑑定工具包被用於______
[A]確定出生地
[B]促進基因研究
[C]確認親子關係
[D]選擇領養的孩子
答案解析:
[定位]第三段首句指出「父子關係(paternity testing) 和親屬關係鑑定可用來找到血親」, 換而言之「PTK(paternity testing kit) 可用以鑑定父子/父女間直系血親關係」;同時根據首段「現代男性可購買PTK及檢驗結果以鑑定自己是否為孩子親生父親」可以敲定PTK可用於確認父子關係, [C] 正確。
[解密]正確項[C] identify parent-child kinship是第三段首句find their biological relatives及首段句confirm that he's the kid's dad的合理概述。
[A] 將第三段句search for a family's geographic roots(尋找家族地域根源) 偷換成「確定個人出生地」。[B] 將第三段句the latest rage among genealogists(系譜學家中新近流行) 偷換成「促進基因研究」[D]將第三段句「追查被他人領養的孩子的下落」偷換成「選擇自己要領養的孩子」。
[總結]避開命題人思路尋找其他線索可謂解答事實細節題的一個捷徑。如本題,命題人實就第三段基因檢測功能命題(詳見「深層解讀」),卻取其中某一形式的特定功能而設題,所以只要找到這一具體形式的具體功能(第一段中很明確地講述了PTK的功能:confirm that he's the kd's dad) 即可快速解題, 幹擾項常利用整體功能混淆視聽, 視覺混淆尤為常見, 其中[A] 視覺混淆family's geographic roots、[B] 視覺混淆the latest rage among passionate genealogists、[D] 視覺混淆track down kids put up for adoption。
28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to______
[A] trace distant ancestors
[B] rebuild reliable bloodlines
[C] fully use genetic information
[D] achieve the claimed accuracy
翻譯:
28.持懷疑態度的觀察家認為家譜檢測不能
[A]追溯年代久遠的祖先
[B]重建可靠的血統譜系
[C]充分利用基因信息
[D]達到(檢測者)所宣稱的精確度
答案解析:
[定位]第五段句以Duster這位觀察家之言指出:人們所鼓吹的家譜檢測的精確性是「偽」的,換而言之,精確性還有待提高。[D]正確。
[解密]題幹+正確項[D] 是第五段主題句(句) 的同義改寫, 其中fails to achieve和the claimed accuracy分別對應文中的false和precision being hawked。
[A] distant ancestors因段中just a few centuries back、great-great-grandparents而來, 卻將文意「家譜檢測遺漏其他眾多祖先信息(reveal...about only one or two) 」曲解為「不能追溯久遠祖先(fail to trace distant ancestors) 」。[B] 將文中only considers a single lineage、reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors(家譜檢測只考慮單一譜系, 只能揭示一兩位祖先的基因信息) 所蘊藏文意「無法揭示完整的譜系信息」偷換為「無法建立可靠的譜系」。[C] 將原文reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors所蘊藏文意「未能完全充分地揭示祖先的基因信息」偷換為「無法充分利用基因信息」。
[總結]針對文中人物觀點題, 首先要尋找觀點標記詞(句says) 定位原文, 再從定位處尋找情感色彩表達詞(句false precision) 初步敲定正確項, 如此可初步斷定[D] 的正確性, 繼而根據段中帶負面色彩、或局限性語義的句(false precision、Yet...only considers a single lineage、reveal...about only one or two ancestors) 可最終敲定[D] (fail to) achieve the claimed accuracy與此負面語義對應, 故正確。
29. In the last paragraph, a problem commercial genetic testing faces is______
[A] disorganized data collection
[B] overlapping database building
[C] excessive sample comparison
[D] lack of patent evaluation
翻譯:
29.末段指出,商業基因檢測面臨的一個問題是_______
[A]數據收集雜亂無章
[B]資料庫重複建設
[C]樣本比對過多
[D]缺乏專利評估
答案解析:
[定位]末段句指出,商業基因檢測公司使用的資料庫並未系統地收集數據,而是將多個研究項目的信息混雜在一起。[A]為正確選項。
[解密] 正確項[A] disorganized data collection是第六段句don't relyon data collected systematically but rather lump together information的同義替換。
[B] 將句have alot of data from some regions and not others「數據地區來源不均衡」曲解為「數據重複(overlapping) 」。[C] 取段中sample, compared, alot of data碎片化信息捏造出「樣本比對過多(excessive sample comparison) 」。[D] 將句「基因檢測電腦程式申請專利且不接受外界評估(the computer programs...maybe patented and not subject to...outside evaluation) 」偷換為「缺乏專利評估(lack of patent evaluation) 。
[總結]本題形似考查綜合性事實細節,實對段中既體現段落主旨又集詞彙、語法難點於一身的長難句句設題。解題時重在藉助邏輯連接詞、近義/同義復現、特殊句式結構等找到全段語義重心,並根據特殊句式或邏輯連接詞推斷難點詞彙之意。具體思路:藉助關聯詞In addition可將段落分為前後兩部分;再借近義/同義復現reference collections、Databases、DNA database推知前部分落腳點在「資料庫」, 由此可基本確定資料庫為主要批判點(重心即考點) , 從而鎖定均關乎資料庫的[A] disorganized(源自句don't relyon data collected systematically but rather lump together information from different research projects) 、[B]overlapping(源於句have alot of data from some regions and not others) ;最後藉助取捨結構not A but rather B(不是A而是B) 、from A and not B(來自A而不是B) 可知兩句語義重心在「信息收集不系統(也即lump together之意) 、地域分布不均」問題上, 只有[A] 符合要求。
30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be______
[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA Testing
[B] DNA Testing and Its Problems
[C] DNA Testing Outside the Lab
[D] Lies Behind DNA Testing
翻譯:
30.本文恰當的題目可能是______
[A] DNA檢測的利弊
[B] DNA檢測及其存在的問題
[C]實實驗室外的DNA檢測
[D]DNA檢測背後的謊言
答案解析:
[定位]文首兩段引出DNA檢測;中間兩段介紹DNA檢測的用途及條件;末兩段分析指出DNA檢測的問題。[B] 最切合文意。
[解密]正確項[B]是對全篇全部內容的覆蓋,又明確了文章論述的對象。
[A] 中For s源自第三段Among the most popular、the latest rage among passionate genealogists(最流行的有……、最近在狂熱系譜學家中……) 等內容而來, 令學生可能產生作者在講述「DNA檢測的優點」的錯覺, 而那只是對DNA檢測的客觀介紹, 並非意指其「好的方面」。[C] 將第二段「available without prescriptions、over-the-counter(無需處方即可獲得) 」視為「DNA Testing Outside the Lab(實驗室外的DNA檢測) 」, 而商業基因檢測並非就是實驗室外的基因檢測。[D] 根據第五段skeptical、false precision(懷疑的、偽精確性) 等內容而來, 但文意旨在「揭示DNA檢測只能揭示一兩位祖先信息, 精確性有待提高」, 而選項中Lies(謊言) 貶義色彩過重, 而且該選項沒有涵蓋前四段對DNA testing的介紹。
[總結]命題點通常依全篇布局均勻分布,因此縱觀其他四道題題幹以窺視全篇主旨內容不失為解答文章主旨題(標題題) 的捷徑。具體思路為:縱觀其他四題, 前兩題針對首四段, 考查PTK(DNA檢測一種) 的特點、用途(availablity、pricing, used to) ;第三、四題針對末兩段, 考查DNA檢測的弊端(fails, problem) ;就此可見, 文章對DNA檢測的特點、用途及問題都做了詮釋, [B] 能涵蓋這些信息。
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