鈺全民英語第14節, 動詞概述,及物和不及物動詞,英語的時態
動詞,表示動作和狀態的詞。基本上每個完整的句子都有一個動詞,要表示第二個動詞時可使用不定式、動名詞,並列連詞,從屬連詞增加從句等方法。
1,根據其在句中的功能,動詞可分為四類:實義動詞,系動詞,助動詞,情態動詞
實義動詞I want this flower.
系動後面接表語,系動詞有be, keep, remain, stay, seem,look,become,fall ,get 等這些,後面常跟名詞或形容詞。
He is a teacher. She grew rich within a short time.
He always kept silent at meeting.
助動詞,幫助動詞完成語法功能的詞。常見的有be, have, will , do , would等,協助動詞一起構成疑問句,進行,完成等各種時態。
He is listening to music. Do you like the apple? He has made a plan.
情態動詞,和謂動詞一起,表示人的情態語氣的詞,常用的有can, may,must, need,
I can swim. You may go now. You must do your homework. Need you go go soon?
2, 及物動詞和不及物動詞
動詞根據其後是否需要帶賓語分為1) 及物動詞,2) 不及物動詞
2.1及物動詞,後面需要使用賓語使其意義完整。及物動詞的特徵就是本身意義不完整,其後加上賓語才能表達完整的意思。
That dog makes the boy happy.
Many people earn their living by writing.
2.2 不及物動詞是指後面不需要賓語而意義完整的動詞。不及物動詞的特徵就是本身詞義完整,後面不需要加賓語。只能用於:「主+謂」結構。i live in Beijing. This is the room where i once lived.
類似的還有agree, go , work, listen , look, come, exist, arrive, sit, succeed..
不及物動詞不需要賓語,若要賓語,就要藉助介詞,一起連用才行(不及物動詞+介詞+賓語),
The boys are listening to the music.
He is laughing at the crippled man.
反之,及物動詞不必靠介詞,可以直接帶賓語,
Tom is giving a book to me.
Who can answer this question?
2.3,有很多動詞也是即可及物又可不及物的。
The teacher can dance and sing. SING不及物
The teacher can sing many French songs. sing 及物
二,限定動詞和非限定動詞
限定動詞,其實就是謂語動詞,有人稱,時態等變化。
非限定動詞,其實就是句裡除了謂動詞外的動詞形式,有三個:不定式,動名詞,和分詞(分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞),又叫非謂語動詞。
The children went to the park, singing and talking.
三,根據動詞的組成形式有單字動詞和短語動詞,
1 單字動詞,learn
2 短語動詞turn off the radio look forward to
四,動詞的5種形態
1 原形 2 第三人稱單數 3 過去式 4 過去分詞 5現在分詞
work works worked worked working
五,動詞的時態
這個是總表看上去很多,其實實際中很簡單,常用的就9種。前7種很簡單,後兩種用英語結合自己情況多做訓練也就掌握了。
1,一般現在時,主要用來表示人或事物的特點,習慣性的動作,客觀規律
句子裡常有often,always,等
I often go to school at 8 o'clock every morning.
在時間和條件狀語從句中,一般現在時可代替一般將來時,If he studies in school, he will learn more knowledge.
2 現在進行時
表示當下的一段時間內正在進行的某種活動
The teacher is driving a new car.
在時間和條件狀語從句中,現在進行時表示將來正在進行的動作,
Be careful when you are crossing the busy street next time.
3 現在完成時
表示過去的動作已經完成,但對現在仍存在一定影響。也表示持續到現在的動作或狀態。
一般常見的時間狀語有just, till now, so far, recently ,lately ,for
i have finished my work today.
i have lived here for 6 years.
4 一般過去時
表示在過去時間裡發生的動作,存在的狀態,不強調對現在的影響,只說明過去。
Lily left China last week.
5過去進行時過去某個時間正在發生的動作
i was reading books when you called me.
6 過去完成時
表示過去某個時間之前已經完成的動作。
By the end of last year the teacher had finished the project.
7一般將來時表示在將來某個時間會發生的動作或情況。
Wait a minute, I will open the door for you.
某些表示短暫性動作的動詞如arrive,come, go ,leave, start等,用現在進行時形式表示將來。
I am leaving for Shanghai tomorrow.
8,將來進行時表將來某個時間正在發生的動作,或按計劃一定會發生的事情。
At ten o'clock tomorrow, she will be working in her office.
On Monday from 1 to 3 p.m., i will be attending a meeting.
9, 將來完成時,表示到將來某時某事已發生
Phone us after 8 o'clock this evening. We will have finished dinner by then.
Will you free at 5? Yes, the meeting will have finished by that time.
注意:動詞to be的一種形態加上一個帶to的動詞不定式,用來表示一種事先的安排。
I am to leave in two years. She is to have tea with Betty this afternoon.
If we are to be at the station by nine o'clock we must go now.
一般不常把動詞go和come用於be going to結構中,而常用現在進行式來代替be going to結構,即通常不用I'm going to go 而用I am going, 不用I am going to come
而用I am coming.
I am going to Suzhou tomorrow morning.