四、考點講解
Section A
1. The air has become really polluted around here. 這兒的空氣已經被汙染了。
辨析：turn, get 與become
⑴ become多指身份、職位等的變化，它強調變化的過程已經完成，後面可接名詞或形容詞。
eg.1) He becomes a teacher.
⑵ get多用於口語，表示一種變化過程，強調的是「漸漸變得」，後常接形容詞的比較級形式。
eg.1) In winter the days get shorter.
⑶ turn指在顏色和性質等方面與以前的完全不同，強調變化的結果。
eg.1) Leaves turned brown in the mountains.
山裡的樹葉已變成了棕色。
【小試牛刀】用turn, get 和become填空。
① Her mother ____ angry when she heard the news.
② It’s _____ darker and darker outside.
③ The leaves has _____ green.
答案：became、getting、turned
2. To cut down air pollution, we should take the bus or subway instead of driving. 為了減少空氣汙染，我們應該乘坐公共汽車或者地鐵，而不是開車。
cut down 意為「減少」；是「動詞+副詞」結構的短語，所帶的賓語為名詞時，賓語可位於down的前面或後面；為代詞時，只能位於down前面。
eg.1) You』d better cut the article down to about 2,000 words.
你最好能把這篇文章壓到兩千字左右。
【拓展】
cut down 還可表示「砍倒」的意思。
They cut down the big tree.
他們砍倒了這棵大樹。
cut off 切斷；切除
cut into 把……切成……
cut up 切碎
cut in 插嘴，打斷
【小試牛刀】單項選擇
例：—Did you tell it to Jack?
—Yes, but we were ____ in the middle of our telephone conversation.
A. cut down B. cut off
C. cut up D. cut in
例：We must do something useful to ____ pollution.
A. cut off B. cut up
C. cut down D. cut in
3. It’s good for health and it doesn’t cost anything! 它對身體有好處並且不會花費任何東西。
辨析：spend, cost, take, pay
take，spend，pay和cost都表示花費 但用法各有不同
1) take花費時間，It takes sb. some time to do sth.，it形式主語
eg.1) It usually takes me 40 minutes to cook the dinner.
2)spend花費時間和金錢，主語通常是人，
sb. spend(s) some time / money on sth.和sb. spend(s) some time / money (in) doing sth.
eg.1) David spent 2,000 yuan on the new machine.
eg.2) My father spends an hour (in) watching the news on TV every day
3) pay花費金錢，主語通常是人，sb. pay(s) some money for sth.
eg.1) Tommy paid 20 yuan for his breakfast yesterday.
4)cost花費金錢，主語通常是物，sth. cost(s) (sb.) some money.
The new dress cost Linda 88 yuan.
【小試牛刀】單項選擇
1. —Do you take exercise every day?
—Yes. I always ___thirty minutes after supper.
A. spend B. cost
C. take D. pay
2. I _________ $300 for the bike.
A. took B. spent
C. cost D. paid
The interesting book _____ me 10 yuan.
A. spent B. took
C. paid D. cost
4. The method is not only cruel, but also harmful to the environment. 這種方法不僅殘酷，而且對環境也有害。
harmful 形容詞，意為「有害的」。常構成短語be harmful to 「對……有害的」。
eg.1) Staying up often is harmful to your health.
經常熬夜對你的健康有害。
【拓展】
harm 名詞，意為「害處」。常用構成短語do harm to 「對……有害」，相當於be harmful to.
eg.1) Too much smoking does harm to his health.
= Too much smoking is harmful to his health.
吸菸過多對他的健康有害。
【小試牛刀】改為同義句。
Reading in the sun does harm to our eyes.
Reading in the sun ___ ___ ___ our eyes.
5. Have you ever taken part in an environmental project? 你曾經參加過環境保護活動嗎？
辨析：attend，join, join in 和take part in
它們都可表示「參加」，區別如下：
◆attend 是正式用語，側重指參加會議、婚禮、典禮，去上課、上學、聽報告等。
eg.1) Who will attend the meeting?
哪些人出席這次會議?
◆join 側重指加入某個黨派、團體組織等，成為其成員之一；
eg.1) She joined the Young Pioneers.
她加入了少先隊。
◆join in 加入一種具體活動，表示和某人一起做某事，其結構為：join sb. in (doing) sth.。
eg.1) Why didn't you join in the talk last night?
昨晚你為什麼沒參加座談？
eg.2) Will you join us in the discussion?
你參加我們的討論嗎？
◆take part in 側重指參加群眾性活動等，著重說明句子主語參加該項活動並在活動中發揮作用。
eg.1) Did you take part in the sports meet?
你參加運動會了嗎？
【運用】用 attend，join 或 take part in 的適當形式填空
(1)Linda liked drawing, so she ______ the art club two years ago.
(2)Paul was free, so he ______ the lecture (講座) given by Mr. Li.
(3)Do you know how many people ______ the discussion yesterday?
(4)I'm sure you'll ______ me in thanking today's speaker.
【小試牛刀】單項選擇。
1. —Have you _____ a club?
—Yes, I’m in a swimming club and I often _____ the swimming training.
A. joined; take part in
B. joined; join
C. taken part in; join
D. taken part in; join in
2. —We’re going for a picnic. Would you like to____ us?
—Why not? Let’s go!
A. attend B. join
C. join in D. take part in
6. We can’t afford to wait any longer to take action! 我們不能再等了，要採取行動了。
⑴ afford是動詞，意為「買得起,擔負得起」，通常與can, could, be able to連用,多用於否定句中。
eg.1) They couldn’t afford $50 for a ticket.
他們拿不出50美元買一張票。
⑵ afford後面常跟帶to的動詞不定式。
eg.1) We can’t afford to go abroad this summer.
今年夏天我們沒有足夠的錢出國。
【小試牛刀】單項選擇。
Miss Taylor never wastes money on anything too expensive, even though she can ____ to. She has donated much of the money she saved to charities.
A. afford B. allow
C. remind D. pay
Section B
1. And the gate in front of her house is made of rocks and old glass bottles. 她房子的前門是由巖石和舊玻璃瓶子製成的。
【辨析】be made + 介詞
be made of 「某物由……製造而成」（從製成品中可以看出原材料）
be made from 「某物由……製造而成」（從製成品中一般看不出或難以分辨出原材料）。
be made in 「某物由某地製造」
be made by 「某物由某個人或集體製造而成」，其中介詞by用來強調動作的執行者。
be made into 某種原料製成某物
be made up of 某物由……組成或構成
【小試牛刀】單項選擇
Books are made _____ paper and paper is made _____ wood.
A. from, of B. of, from
C. in, from D. from, in
—Your coat looks nice.
—It’s made ____ cotton. And it was made ____ Shanghai.
A. in; by B. from; by
C. by; in D. of; in
2. Not only can the art bring happiness to others, but it also shows that even cold, hard iron can be brought back to life with a little creativity. 不僅藝術品能給人們帶來快樂，而且冰冷堅硬的鋼鐵在藝術創作下也恢復了生命。
「not only … but also …」是一個並列連詞詞組，其意思基本等於「both … and …」。
使用not only … but also … 時須注意的幾點：
⑴ not only與but also後面所連接的詞的詞性必須對等：
eg.1) They completed the project not only punctually but also perfectly.
他們不僅準時完成工程，而且完成得很出色。
⑵ not only只能連用，而but also既可連用，也可分開用：
eg.1) Television is not only boring, but it also wastes a lot of time.
電視不僅乏味，而且還浪費許多時間。
⑶謂語動詞的數應與but also後主語的數保持一致：
eg.1) Not only you but also Mr. Zhang teaches in this college.
不僅你，張老師也在此學院教書。
⑷ not only放在句首，後接句子時要用倒裝結構：
eg.1) Not only had the poor man been fined, but also he had been sent to prison.
這個可憐的人不僅被罰款，而且還被送進了監獄。
【小試牛刀】單項選擇
1. This is my twin sister, Lucy. Not only she but also I ___ good at drawing.
A. is B. am
C. are D. was
3. Which parts need to be improved? 哪些部分需要被改善？
辨析：need to be done; need doing與need to do
⑴ need doing=need to be done 需要被…現在分詞doing表被動「需要被做」，相當於need to be done。
eg.1) My watch needs repairing.
=My watch needs to be repaired.
我的表需要修了。
⑵ need後加不定式，證明need為實義動詞，而非情態動詞，這時need有人稱和數的變化。
eg.1) He needs to get up early.
他需要早起。
【小試牛刀】單項選擇
Something is wrong with my car. It needs _____.
A. repair B. to repair
C. repairing D. to be repair
4. What or who is causing these problems? 什麼或誰將會導致這些問題？
cause用作動詞，當「引起，造成，使得」講。一般指引起或造成不好的結果。
cause sb. sth.= cause sth. to sb.(後接間接賓語+直接賓語)為固定用法。
eg.1) He caused his parents much trouble.
= He caused much trouble to his parents.
他給父母帶來很多煩惱。
【小試牛刀】改為同義句
It caused him lots of worries.
It caused lots of worries ____ him.