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Although sophisticated upper- and lower-limb prostheses have been developed, amputees cannot control them intuitively nor perceive sensations from them. These deficiencies result in serious issues, including risk of falls, decreased mobility, heart fatigue during walking, and lower functionality while grasping. Moreover, the prostheses are not perceived by the users as part of their own body (low embodiment), which increases cognitive burden during use or device abandonment. An ideal man-machine interface should enable effortless bidirectional communication between the user and the prosthesis. Neural prostheses that provide bidirectional interfacing with the residual nervous system exploit the persistence of the central and peripheral neural pathways devoted to motor control and sensing (1). A combination of neurotechnologies recently achieved previously unseen capabilities of prosthesis actuation and sensory restoration, but several hurdles need to be overcome before widespread use of these devices.
儘管已經開發了複雜的上肢和下肢假肢,但截肢者無法直觀地控制它們,也無法感知到它們的感覺。這些缺陷導致嚴重的問題,包括跌倒的風險,行動不便,行走過程中的心臟疲勞以及抓握時功能降低。此外,使用者不會將假肢視為自己身體的一部分(低實施例),這會增加使用或放棄器械時的認知負擔。理想的人機界面應使用戶與假體之間輕鬆進行雙向通信。提供與殘留神經系統雙向交互作用的神經假體利用了專門用於運動控制和傳感的中樞和外周神經通路的持久性。最近,神經技術的組合實現了以前看不見的假體驅動和感覺恢復功能,但是在廣泛使用這些設備之前,需要克服幾個障礙。
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儘管已經開發出複雜的假體,但截肢者無法直觀地控制它們,也無法感知到它們的感覺。神經技術的組合實現了以前無法見到的假體驅動和感覺恢復能力:
1 Targeted muscle reinnervation 靶向肌肉神經再支配Nerves grow into new muscles, where they can excite the tissue. This is detected by sensors placed on the skin that then move the robotic prosthetic.
神經生長成新的肌肉,在那裡它們可以刺激組織。這是由放置在皮膚上的傳感器檢測到的,然後移動機器人假肢。
2 Regenerative interface 再生接口3 Sensory interfacing 感官接口Sensory information, such as tactile feedback, can be restored by using various implants that stimulate electrically residual nerves.
感官信息,如觸覺反饋,可以通過使用各種植入物,刺激電殘餘神經恢復。
4 Agonist-antagonist myoneural interface 激動劑-拮抗劑的肌神經接口Proprioceptive sensations, such as limb position and speed, are important for walking and can be restored in amputees through surgical connection of residual muscles.
諸如肢體的位置和速度之類的本體感覺對於行走很重要,並且可以通過手術切除殘餘肌肉而在截肢者中恢復。
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