《科學美國人》是美國的一本科普雜誌,始於1845年8月28日,它為美國歷史最長的、一直連續出版的雜誌,也是著名的《科學》(Science)的姊妹刊。它提供一個論壇來呈現科學理論和科學新發現。
聽過SSS的小夥伴都知道,這個材料語速快,話題豐富,短小但信息量大,是訓練聽力的極佳材料。本次我們推出的這個系列是對美國科學人跟考試話題最貼切的材料的精選,每一篇中幾乎都會出現託福考試中的常見話題和常見詞彙。
為讓小夥伴們可以更好地利用這個材料練好聽力,Language Lab 將逐步推出《科學美國人》系列,本系列內容將不定時更新,主要挑選一些最近一期裡的精彩表達和重要詞彙與大家分享,以提高對語言的感知和運用能力。
不管是專四專八、考研、雅思、託福,或者是興趣愛好,希望這一系列的文章都能幫你提高對英語聽力的理解能力。
本期主題
Ghrelin Makes You Overeating
胃飢餓素讓你暴飲暴食
By Karen Hopkin
'Tis the season...for overeating! But it's not just your lack of willpower or the omnipresent holiday treats. No, you can lay some of the blame on ghrelin. Because a new study shows that ghrelin, the hormone that makes you hungry, also makes food...and food smells...irresistibly appealing. The finding appears in the journal Cell Reports.
這是暴飲暴食的時節!但暴飲暴食的原因並不僅僅是因為你缺乏意志力或無處不在的節日大餐,不,你可以將部分責任歸咎於胃飢餓素。因為一項新研究表明,讓你感到飢餓的激素:胃飢餓素,還會令食物及食物氣味產生無法抗拒的吸引力。這項研究結果發表在《細胞報告》期刊上。
- irresistibly /ˌɪrɪˈzɪstəbli/ adv. 無法抵抗地;
Ghrelin is produced in the stomach, and its levels rise before your habitual mealtimes and after you haven't eaten for an extended period. So the hormone reminds you to put something in your belly. Injecting rats with ghrelin encourages them to eat...and people who receive a dose of ghrelin grab extra helpings from the buffet.
But how does the hormone induce overindulgence? To find out, researchers at McGill University trained volunteers to associate random images with the smell of food. For example, every time they saw a tree, they might get a whiff of freshly baked bread. At the same time, some of the subjects received ghrelin; others got only saline.
胃飢餓素在胃裡產生,在你平時進餐前和長時間未進食之後,胃飢餓素水平會上升。因此,這種激素會提醒你往肚子裡裝點東西(進食)。給老鼠注射胃飢餓素會讓老鼠想吃東西,而注入胃飢餓素的人則會在吃自助餐時拿更多食物。
但是這種激素是如何引起過度飲食的呢?為了找到答案,麥吉爾大學的研究人員訓練志願者將隨機圖片與食物氣味聯繫起來。例如,每次他們看到一棵樹,他們可能就會聞到新鮮出爐的烤麵包的味道。同時,部分參與者會注入胃飢餓素,其他人則只注射生理鹽水。
- omnipresent /ˌɑːmnɪˈpreznt/ adj. 無所不在的
- hormone /ˈhɔːrmoʊn/ n. [生理] 激素,荷爾蒙
The volunteers were then ushered into an MRI machine, where the researchers watched their brains to see which parts got turned on by different images.
Seems that in subjects under the influence of ghrelin, the brain region involved in pleasure and reward lit up only when volunteers viewed the images they associated with food aromas. Their brain pleasure centers were disinterested in images that had not been paired with food smells.
Also, when participants were then asked to rate the pleasantness of the images, the ones who'd been exposed to ghrelin gave higher grades to the food-associated pictures than did folks who got no ghrelin.
So when visions of sugarplums...or the smell of apple pie...get your stomach growlin'...you can thank—or blame—your ghrelin. As you reach for a fork.
隨後,志願者被帶進核磁共振儀,研究人員用儀器觀察志願者的大腦,看不同的圖片會激活大腦的哪些部位。
看起來在胃飢餓素的影響下,志願者只有在看到他們認為與食物香味有關的圖片時,他們大腦中涉及愉悅與獎勵的區域才會激活。他們大腦中的愉悅中心對未與食物氣味匹配的圖片沒有反應。
另外,當參與者被要求對圖片的愉悅程度進行評分時,與未接觸胃飢餓素的人相比,那些接觸胃飢餓素的人為與食物有關的圖片打出了更高的分數。
因此,當看到糖果或聞到蘋果派的味道讓你的肚子咕咕叫時,你可以感謝或怪罪你的胃飢餓素——在你伸手拿叉子時。
好啦,本期的解讀幫助你更好理解這篇聽力了嗎?學習材料之雖然偏快卻相當標準好聽的美式發音,被譽為是學聽力最佳日常練習材料。不要害怕難度大和學科內容,學習的時候不用刻意盲聽,就看文字聽讀,慢慢地你會發現這一日常學習,會讓你的英文遠遠甩下同伴。
大家一起加油哦!