美國宇航局的新火星探測器將使用x射線尋找化石
美國宇航局不屈不撓的火星漫遊者的插圖
在這張圖中,美國宇航局不屈不撓的火星漫遊者使用行星儀器進行x射線巖石化學(PIXL)。x射線光譜儀位於探測器機械臂末端的炮塔上,它將有助於在巖石中尋找古代微生物生命的跡象。
美國宇航局(NASA)的火星2020毅力號漫遊者的前方道路充滿了挑戰:在必須在2021年2月18日完成艱難的進入、降落和著陸階段後,它將開始尋找數十億年前微觀生命的蹤跡。這就是為什麼它要包裝PIXL,一種由人工智慧(AI)驅動的精確x射線設備。
PIXL是x射線光刻化學的行星儀器的縮寫,它是一個午餐盒大小的儀器,位於「毅力」7英尺(2米)長的機械臂末端。「漫遊者」最重要的樣本將由其手臂末端的鑽孔機採集,然後藏在金屬管中,「毅力」號將把這些金屬管沉積在表面,在未來的任務中返回地球。
幾乎每一個成功登陸火星的任務,從維京登陸器到好奇號探測車,都包括某種類型的x射線螢光光譜儀。PIXL與它的前輩的一個主要不同之處在於,它能夠使用強大的、精確聚焦的x射線掃描巖石,以發現巖石表面化學物質分布的位置和數量。
PIXL的x射線束非常窄,它可以精確定位小到像一粒鹽一樣的特徵。這使我們能夠非常精確地將我們檢測到的化學物質與巖石的特定紋理聯繫起來。」阿比蓋爾·奧爾伍德說,他是PIXL的首席研究員,在NASA位於南加州的噴氣推進實驗室工作。
巖石的質地將是決定哪些樣本值得返回地球的重要線索。在我們的星球上,被稱為疊層石的特殊扭曲巖石是由古老的細菌層構成的,它們只是科學家們將要尋找的古代生命化石的一個例子。
在NASA噴氣推進實驗室的測試中,PIXL打開了它的防塵罩。
在NASA噴氣推進實驗室的測試中,PIXL打開了它的防塵罩。作為美國宇航局「毅力號」火星探測器上的七個儀器之一,PIXL位於探測器機械臂的末端。
為了幫助找到最佳目標,PIXL不僅僅依靠精確的x射線束。它還需要一個六足裝置——一個有六個機械腿的裝置,連接著PIXL和機器人手臂,由人工智慧引導,以獲得最準確的目標。當漫遊者的手臂靠近一塊有趣的巖石時,PIXL使用相機和雷射來計算它的距離。然後這些腿會做出100微米左右的微小運動,大約是人類頭髮寬度的兩倍,這樣該設備就可以掃描目標,繪製出郵票大小區域內的化學物質圖譜。
「它就像一個小機器人,在漫遊者的手臂末端安家落戶。」
然後,PIXL在儀器傾斜100微米之前,從巖石上的一個點在10秒內測量x射線,然後再進行另一項測量。為了製作一張郵票大小的化學地圖,它可能需要在長達八到九個小時的時間裡進行數千次這樣的操作。
時間在一定程度上使PIXL的微觀調整至關重要:火星上的溫度變化超過100華氏度(38攝氏度)的一天,導致金屬毅力機械臂的擴張和收縮半英寸(13毫米)。為了儘量減少PIXL必須應付的熱收縮,儀器將在太陽下山後進行科學研究。
奧爾伍德說:「PIXL是個夜貓子。「夜間的溫度更穩定,這也讓我們能在月球車活動較少的時候工作。」
有六個機械腿的設備,六足機器人
這個六足裝置有六個機械腿,是美國宇航局「毅力號」火星探測器上的PIXL儀器的關鍵部分。這個六足機器人可以讓PIXL做出緩慢而精確的移動來接近並指向巖石表面的特定部分。為了展示這隻六足動物是如何移動的,這張動圖被大大加快了速度。
x光用於藝術和科學
早在x射線螢光到達火星之前,地質學家和冶金學家就用它來鑑別材料。它最終成為博物館發現畫作來源或檢測贗品的標準技術。
如果你知道一個藝術家通常使用一種帶有重金屬獨特化學特徵的鈦白,這個證據可能有助於鑑定一幅畫,」Chris Heirwegh說,他是噴氣推進實驗室PIXL團隊的x射線螢光專家。「或者你可以確定一種特定的顏料是來自義大利還是法國,然後把它與那個時期的某個特定藝術團體聯繫起來。」
對於天體生物學家來說,x射線螢光是一種閱讀古代遺留故事的方式。奧爾伍德用它來確定,在她的祖國澳大利亞發現的疊層石是地球上最古老的微生物化石,可以追溯到35億年前。用PIXL繪製出巖石紋理中的化學成分,將為科學家解釋樣本是否可能是微生物化石提供線索。
PIXL需要巖石目標的圖片來自動定位
PIXL需要巖石目標的圖片來自動定位。當儀器在夜間工作時,光二極體就會在它的開口處盤旋,拍攝巖石目標的照片。使用人工智慧,PIXL依靠圖像來確定距離目標掃描的距離。
毅力號火星任務的一個關鍵目標是天體生物學,包括尋找古代微生物生命的跡象。火星車還將描繪火星的氣候和地質特徵,為人類探索這顆紅色星球鋪平道路,並成為第一個收集和保存火星巖石和風化層(破碎的巖石和灰塵)的行星任務。美國國家航空和宇宙航行局目前正在考慮與歐洲航天局合作,隨後的任務將向火星發射太空飛行器,從火星表面收集這些儲存的樣本,然後送回地球進行深入分析。
「火星2020」任務是一項更大計劃的一部分,該計劃還包括為人類探索紅色星球做準備的探月任務。美國宇航局的任務是在2024年讓太空人重返月球,通過其阿爾特彌斯月球探測計劃,美國宇航局將在2028年之前在月球上和月球周圍建立持久的人類存在。
噴氣推進實驗室是由位於加州帕薩迪納市的加州理工學院為NASA管理的,它建造並管理著「毅力」和「好奇」探測器的運行。
Sept. 22, 2020
NASA&39;s Perseverance Mars rover
In this illustration, NASA&39;s robotic arm, the X-ray spectrometer will help search for signs of ancient microbial life in rocks.
NASA&39;s why it&39;s 7-foot-long (2-meter-long) robotic arm. The rover&34;PIXL&34; said Abigail Allwood, PIXL&39;s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
Rock textures will be an essential clue when deciding which samples are worth returning to Earth. On our planet, distinctively warped rocks called stromatolites were made from ancient layers of bacteria, and they are just one example of fossilized ancient life that scientists will be looking for.
PIXL opens its dust cover during testing at NASA&39;s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. One of seven instruments on NASA&39;s robotic arm.
To help find the best targets, PIXL relies on more than a precision X-ray beam alone. It also needs a hexapod – a device featuring six mechanical legs connecting PIXL to the robotic arm and guided by artificial intelligence to get the most accurate aim. After the rover&34;It&39;s arm.&39;s microscopic adjustments so critical: The temperature on Mars changes by more than 100 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) over the course of a day, causing the metal on Perseverance&34;PIXL is a night owl,&34;The temperature is more stable at night, and that also lets us work at a time when there&34;
A device with six mechanical legs, the hexapod
A device with six mechanical legs, the hexapod is a critical part of the PIXL instrument aboard NASA&39;s surface. This GIF has been considerably sped up to show how the hexapod moves.
X-rays for Art and Science
Long before X-ray fluorescence got to Mars, it was used by geologists and metallurgists to identify materials. It eventually became a standard museum technique for discovering the origins of paintings or detecting counterfeits.
&34; said Chris Heirwegh, an X-ray fluorescence expert on the PIXL team at JPL. &34; For astrobiologists, X-ray fluorescence is a way to read stories left by the ancient past. Allwood used it to determine that stromatolite rocks found in her native country of Australia are some of the oldest microbial fossils on Earth, dating back 3.5 billion years. Mapping out the chemistry in rock textures with PIXL will offer scientists clues to interpret whether a sample could be a fossilized microbe. PIXL requires pictures of its rock targets to autonomously position itself PIXL requires pictures of its rock targets to autonomously position itself. Light diodes ecircle its opening take pictures of rock targets when the instrument is working at night. Using artificial intelligence, PIXL relies on the images to determine how far away it is from a target to be scanned. A key objective for Perseverance’s mission on Mars is astrobiology, including the search for signs of ancient microbial life. The rover will also characterize the planet&39;s Artemis lunar exploration plans. JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers.e chemical signature of heavy metals, this evidence might help authenticate a painting,&34;Or you can determine if a particular kind of paint originated in Italy rather than France, linking it to a specific artistic group from the time period.&39;s climate and geology, pave the way for human exploration of the Red Planet, and be the first planetary mission to collect and cache Martian rock and regolith (broken rock and dust). Subsequent missions, currently under consideration by NASA in cooperation with the European Space Agency, would send spacecraft to Mars to collect these cached samples from the surface and return them to Earth for in-depth analysis.
The Mars 2020 mission is part of a larger program that includes missions to the Moon as a way to prepare for human exploration of the Red Planet. Charged with returning astronauts to the Moon by 2024, NASA will establish a sustained human presence on and around the Moon by 2028 through NASA's Artemis lunar exploration plans.
JPL, which is managed for NASA by Caltech in Pasadena, California, built and manages operations of the Perseverance and Curiosity rovers.