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各部位腦腫瘤切除術
縱隔—解剖、影像和臨床分區及腫瘤好發部位
醫學動漫：腫瘤免疫原理和腫瘤免疫療法
難道還有不需切開身體就可治療腫瘤的「刀」？
至少40%的癌症可以通過改變生活方式來預防
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視頻中文字
Neoplasia, literally meaning 「new growth」, is the uncontrolled proliferationof cells. The term tumor, which was originally used to describe the swelling caused by inflammation, is now used interchangeably with neoplasm. Transformation is the multistep process in which normal cells acquire malignant characteristics, such as the ability to invade tissues and to spread to distant sites (metastasize).
Each step in transformation reflects one or more genetic alterations that confer a growth advantage over normal cells. Cancers are simply malignant tumors. There are a number of essential characteristics expressed by neoplastic cells that enable cancer progression. These characteristics are shared by most if not all human cancers.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
Incidence is the number of new cases within a specified time frame, usually expressed as cases per 100,000 people per year. Prevalence is the number of patients with a disease in the population at a given point in time.
A person’s risk of developing or dying of cancer is usually expressed in terms of lifetime risk (risk during the course of a lifetime) or, in describing the relationship of specific risk factors with a particular cancer, the relative risk (comparing those with a certain exposure or trait with those who do not have it). About 1.7 million new cases of cancer are expected to be diagnosed in 2014, excluding the more than 1 million new cases of basal and squamous cell cancers.
In men, the most common cancers are of the prostate, lung, colorectum, and urinary bladder. In women, the most common cancers are of the breast, lung, colorectum, and uterus. Cancer is the second most common cause of death in the United States, accounting for one of every four deaths, and is the most common cause of death in men and women between the ages of 40 and 79 years. In 2014, more than 580,000 Americans will die of cancer, corresponding to roughly 1600 deaths per day.
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參考譯文：
腫瘤，字面意思是「新生長」，是細胞不受控制的增殖。腫瘤這個詞最初用來描述炎症引起的腫脹，現在可以和腫瘤互換使用。轉化是一個多步驟的過程，在這個過程中，正常細胞獲得惡性特徵，如侵入組織和擴散到遠處（轉移）的能力。轉化過程中的每一步都反映了一個或多個基因的改變，這些改變賦予正常細胞生長優勢。癌症簡單說就是惡性腫瘤。腫瘤細胞表達的許多基本特徵使癌症得以進展。即使不是所有人類癌症，這些特徵也是大多數人所共有的。
流行病學
發病率是指在特定時間內新發病例的數量，通常表示為每年每10萬人的病例數。患病率是指在一定的時間點，人群中患有某種疾病的患者的數量。一個人患癌症或死於癌症的風險通常用終生風險（在一生中的風險）來表示，或者在描述特定風險因素與特定癌症的關係時，用相對風險來表示（將那些具有某種接觸或特徵的人與那些沒有接觸或特徵的人相比較）。預計2014年新診斷的癌症病例約為170萬例，不包括超過100萬例的基底細胞癌和鱗狀細胞癌。在男性中，最常見的癌症是前列腺癌、肺癌、結直腸癌和膀胱癌。在婦女中，最常見的癌症是乳腺癌、肺癌、結直腸癌和子宮癌。癌症是美國第二常見的死亡原因，佔死亡人數的四分之一，是40至79歲男女最常見的死亡原因。2014年，將有58萬多美國人死於癌症，相當於每天約1600人死亡。
重要詞彙
neoplasia [ˌnioʊ'pleɪʒə] 腫瘤
literally [ˈlɪtərəli] 字面意思
proliferation [prəˌlɪfəˈreɪʃn] 增殖
malignant [məˈlɪɡnənt] 惡性的
characteristics [ˌkɛrəktəˈrɪstɪks] 特點
metastasize [mə'tæstəˌsaɪz] 轉移
transformation [ˌtrænsfərˈmeɪʃn] 轉型
epidemiology [ˌepɪˌdiːmiˈɑːlədʒi] 流行病學
incidence [ˈɪnsɪdəns] 發病率
prevalence ['prevələns] 患病率
lifetime 一生
basal [ˈbeɪsl] 基底的
squamous ['skweɪməs] 鱗狀的
prostate [ˈprɑːsteɪt] 前列腺
colorectum 結直腸
accounting for 佔幾分之幾
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