美國總統唐納德.川普（Donald Trump）批准大西洋海岸的地震測試，奏響擴大近海石油鑽探的序曲
翻譯：JENNY
川普政府星期五批准了一些關鍵的許可，這些許可可能會讓大西洋海岸的地震測試得以進行，這是近海石油鑽探的序幕，並且此舉引起東南部共和黨州長和國會議員們（立法者）的對抗。在2020年的競選連任中，川普需要他們的支持。
The Trump administration on Friday approved key permits that could allow seismic testing to go forward on the Atlantic Coast, a prelude to offshore oil drilling and a move that is antagonizing Republican governors and lawmakers in the Southeast, whose support the president will need in a 2020 re-election bid.
美國商務部下屬的國家海洋漁業局星期五同意，允許五家公司在德拉瓦北部和佛羅裡達州中部之間進行對野生動物造成可能傷害的地震測試。該測試有望為石油公司提供有價值的數據，即哪些沿海大陸架區域蘊藏著可以通過海上鑽井平臺開採的石油礦床。
The National Marine Fisheries Service, an arm of the U.S. Commerce Department, agreed Friday to let five companies cause possible harm to wildlife in conducting seismic testing between northern Delaware and central Florida. That testing is expected to provide oil companies with valuable data on which parts of the coastal shelf contain oil deposits that could be extracted through offshore drilling platforms.
顯示大西洋沿岸位置的地圖，公司將被允許在那裡進行地震測試，這是未來石油勘探的前奏。／國家海洋漁業局
Map showing location off the Atlantic coastline where companies will be allowed to conduct seismic testing, a prelude to future oil exploration./National Marine Fisheries Service
川普籤署了一項行政命令，將擴大聯邦水域的近海石油鑽探，並開放以前禁止新油氣勘探的其他區域。／麥克拉奇報
Trump signed an executive order that will expand offshore oil drilling in federal waters and open other areas that were previously off limits to new oil and gas exploration.／By McClatchy
環保組織反對這項測試，因為它可能對海洋哺乳動物造成傷害，而沿海社區則因為白宮可能對旅遊業造成影響而怒火衝天。
Environmental groups oppose the testing because of its potential harm to marine mammals, and coastal communities are livid that the White House would risk impacts to tourism.
「今天的決定有關於我們沿海經濟、我們的漁業可持續性發展、海洋的健康，考慮到今年將有地震測試爆破，如果地震測試爆破繼續下去，將會持續多年的影響。」環保組織美國國家資源保護委員會(National Resources Defense Council)海洋哺乳動物保護主任麥可.賈斯尼(Michael Jasny)說。
「Today’s decision is about our coastal economies, the sustainability of our fisheries, and the health of our oceans, given the impacts that seismic blasting will have this year and, if it goes on, for years to come,」 said Michael Jasny, director of the Marine Mammal Protect for the National Resources Defense Council, an environmental group.
當許多共和黨州長與環保主義者意見相左時，佛羅裡達州的裡克.斯科特(Rick Scott)和南卡羅來納州的亨利.麥克馬斯特(Henry McMaster)州長在宣布反對川普大西洋近海石油鑽探計劃的那些人們中。
While many Republican governors split with environmentalists, Rick Scott of Florida and Henry McMaster of South Carolina are among those who have come out against Trump’s plans for Atlantic offshore oil drilling.
「麥克馬斯特州長已經非常明確地表示，近海鑽探是一個不可接受的威脅，可能會破壞原始的海灘、沼澤和溼地，而這些正是推動南卡羅來納旅遊業蓬勃發展的動力，」麥克馬斯特的發言人布賴恩·賽姆斯(Brian Symmes)說。「州長將繼續與沿海各州州長、市長和國會議員合作，說服政府大西洋沿岸近海鑽探不符合我們國家的最佳利益，因為它肯定不符合南卡羅來納州的利益。」
「Governor McMaster has made it very clear that offshore drilling is an unacceptable threat that could destroy the pristine beaches, marshes and wetlands that drive South Carolina’s vibrant tourism economy,」 said Brian Symmes, a spokesman for McMaster.「The governor will continue to work with coastal state governors, mayors and members of Congress to convince the administration that Atlantic Coast offshore drilling is not in our nation’s best interest, because it certainly isn’t in South Carolina’s.」
100多名國會議員和至少9名司法部長也在排隊反對，他們可能會通過訴訟阻礙地震測試許可。
More than 100 members of Congress and at least nine attorneys general, who could bog down the seismic testing permits with lawsuits, are also lining up in opposition.
馬裡蘭州司法部長布萊恩.弗羅什(Brian Frosh)組織了其他司法部長來反對政府的地震測試，他周五明確表示計劃探索法律途徑。
Maryland Attorney General Brian Frosh, who has organized other attorneys general to oppose the administration’s seismic testing, made clear on Friday he plans to explore legal avenues.
弗羅什在一份聲明中說：「川普政府對這些授權的允許是錯誤的，是非法的。」「在向包括瀕危物種在內的數萬的海洋哺乳動物的騷擾敞開大門的同時，川普政府再次將化石燃料行業的利益置於我們不可替代的自然資源之上。」
「The Trump administration’s grant of these authorizations is misguided and unlawful,」 Frosh said in a statement. 「In opening the door to harassment of tens of thousands of marine mammals, including endangered species, the administration has again placed the interests of the fossil fuel industry ahead of our irreplaceable natural resources.」
美國總統唐納德.川普(Donald Trump)在競選時承諾將增加石油勘探和生產，他領導的政府宣揚「能源主導」原則。石油公司們讚揚了他為降低企業稅收、撤銷環境法規和推翻歐巴馬政府的許可決定所做的努力。
President Donald Trump campaigned on a promise to increase oil exploration and production, and his administration has preached a doctrine of 「energy dominance.」 Oil companies have lauded his efforts to reduce taxes on corporations, rollback environmental regulations and reverse permit decisions by the Obama administration.
川普上臺後不久，美國內政部海洋能源管理局(Bureau of Ocean Energy Management)推翻了歐巴馬拒絕批准五家公司進行地震測試的決定。周五的決定將允許這些公司在海底探測中使用大型氣槍進行地震爆炸（地震測試），幹擾海洋哺乳動物。
Soon after Trump took office, the Interior Department’s Bureau of Ocean Energy Management reversed an Obama decision to reject seismic testing permits for five companies. Friday’s decision would grant those companies permits to deliver seismic blasts by massive air guns in surveys of the ocean floor, disturbing marine mammals.
申請地震測試許可證的五家公司是Spectrum GEO（頻譜地理）、Ion GeoVentures（離子地質合資企業，公司名可直接用英文表示）、CGG（地球物理服務公司）、TGS-Notec和斯倫貝謝(Schlumberger)子公司WesternGeco。他們所做的調查將是專利性質的，對相關公司來說利潤豐厚。
The five companies applying for the seismic testing permits are Spectrum GEO, Ion GeoVentures, CGG, TGS-Notec and WesternGeco, a subsidiary of Schlumberger. The surveys they produce would be proprietary, and highly lucrative for the companies involved.
「公眾實際上不會知道這些信息，它將被出售給近海石油行業，供它們獨家使用。」海洋環保組織（Oceana）的活動負責人黛安.霍斯金斯(Diane Hoskins)說。
「The public won’t actually have this information,」 said Diane Hoskins, a campaign director for Oceana, a conservation group. 「It will be sold to the off-shore oil industry for their exclusive use.」
「川普兌現了大西洋離岸測試的承諾。這可能會讓他失去共和黨盟友。」麥克拉奇報的斯圖爾特.萊文沃斯（Stuart Leavenworth，本文作者）報導。
"Trump delivers on promise with Atlantic offshore testing. It could cost him GOP allies," by McClatchy's Stuart Leavenworth。
PER POLITICO New Jersey Playbook
通過政治新聞網新澤西劇本（作者：Matt Friedman 馬特.弗裡德曼）
注釋：海洋地球物理勘探簡稱「海洋物探」，是通過地球物理勘探方法研究海洋和海洋地質的新方法之一。海洋物探包括海洋重力、海洋磁測和海洋地震等方法。
海洋地區的人工地震測量，是利用炸藥或非炸藥震源激發地震波，觀測在不同波阻抗界面上反射，或在不同速度界面上折射的地震波。折射波法主要用來研究地殼深部界面和上地幔的結構，也稱為深地震測深。它要求有強大的低頻震源（例如使用大炸藥量爆炸或使用大容積的空氣槍激發），在運動中依次產生地震波，而在相當的距離之外觀測地殼深部界面上的折射波和廣角反射波（動爆炸點法）。至於淺層折射，除利用聲吶浮標獲取沉積層中速度資料之外，現已很少使用。反射波法在近海油氣勘探中獲得廣泛的應用。
現代海洋地震勘探廣泛採用組合空氣槍作震源，用等浮組合電纜裝置在水下接收地震波，通過數字地震儀將地震波記錄於磁帶上。這樣不僅能夠在觀測船行進中實現快速和高效率的共深點反射的連續觀測，而且能夠使用電子計算機充分利用所獲取的地震信息，精確地查明沉積巖不同層位的產狀、構造及其巖性，以闡明沉積盆地及其中的局部構造和沉積環境，甚至給出烴類顯示，為直接尋找油氣提供依據。而根據反射地震波傳播方案，採用高頻頻段觀測的回聲測深儀、地層剖面儀和側掃聲吶等，則是現代調查海底地形、地貌、淺層沉積物結構及其工程地質性質的重要手段。