From 1 January, the free movement of people and goods and services between the UK and the EU will end. This means significant differences to how people live, work and travel.
從1月1日起，英國與歐盟之間人員，貨物和服務的自由流動將終止。這意味著人們的生活，工作和旅行方式會有極大的變化。
Here are some of the most important things that are changing.
以下是一些最重要的變化。
1. European travel rules change
歐洲旅行政策變更
From January, UK nationals will only be able to travel without a visa to Schengen area countries for up to 90 days in any 180-day period (this includes most EU nations and Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein). In addition, you will need to:
從1月開始，英國國民在任何180天的時間內最多只能在90天之內免籤證入境申根國家（其中包括大多數歐盟國家和冰島，挪威，瑞士和列支敦斯登）。此外，您將需要：
- Have at least six months left on your passport, except for trips to Ireland.
- 除了去愛爾蘭旅行外，您的護照上至少還有六個月的時間。
- Have travel insurance with health cover. Your current EHIC card will be valid until its expiry date and will be replaced by a new scheme in the future, but the government still advises you to get travel insurance with health cover.
-有健康保險的旅行保險。您當前的EHIC卡有效期至到期日，以後將被新計劃取代，但政府仍建議您購買具有醫療保險的旅行保險。
- Make sure you've checked roaming charges with your mobile provider, as the guarantee of free roaming will end.
- 確保您已與手機通訊商核對了漫遊費用，因為免費漫遊的保證將要終止。
- Have obtained an animal health certificate from your vet at least 10 days before you travel - if you are travelling with your pet - including from Great Britain to Northern Ireland. The current EU pet passport scheme will no longer apply.
- 在您旅行之前至少10天（如果您和寵物一起旅行）已經從您的獸醫那裡獲得了動物健康證明，包括從英國到北愛爾蘭。當前的歐盟寵物護照計劃將不再適用。
- Use separate lanes from EU, EEA and Swiss citizens at border control.
- 在邊境管制處使用與歐盟，歐洲經濟區和瑞士公民不同的車道。
2. Duty-free shopping will return
免稅購物將恢復
When the UK was an EU member, you were allowed to bring unlimited amounts of alcohol and tobacco back from an EU country without paying any duty at the border, as long as duty had been paid in the country where you bought it and you could prove it was for your own use.
當英國是歐盟成員國時，只要您在購買國中繳納了稅款，就可以不限邊界地從歐盟國家帶回無限量的菸酒。只要是供您自己使用的。
From 2021, duty-free shopping will be available if you travel to the EU. The permitted amount of duty-free tobacco and alcohol will increase. So you will be able, for example, to bring 18 litres of still wine and 42 litres of beer.
從2021年開始，如果您前往歐盟國家，就可以享受免稅購物。免稅菸草和酒精的允許量將增加。因此，您可以攜帶18升的無氣泡葡萄酒酒和42升的啤酒。
3. The rules change for UK citizens who want to move to the EU
對於要移居歐盟的英國公民，規則有所更改
If you're already living in an EU country, you will have certain protections under the withdrawal agreement.But even then, you should check that country's specific rules. You may need to register or apply for residency, get new documents, or meet specific requirements - like having a job.
如果您已經居住在歐盟國家/地區，根據退出協議您將獲得某些保護。但是即使那樣，您也應該查看該國家/地區的特定規則。您可能需要註冊或申請居住權，獲取新文件或滿足特定要求-例如：有工作。
For example, UK nationals living in France will need to obtain new residents' permits. If you plan to move to the EU in 2021, you will no longer have an automatic right to live, work, study or retire there. You will need a visa if you are going there for any reason other than tourism.
比如說，居住在法國的英國國民將需要獲得新的居民許可證.如果您計劃在2021年移居歐盟，那麼您將不再擁有在該國居住，工作，學習或退休的自動權利。假如您出於旅遊以外的其他原因前往那裡，則需要籤證。
The rules will depend on the country you want to move to, and the reason for your move. You should check the rules for the country that you are intending to move to. People planning to move to Ireland will be largely unaffected.
規則將取決於您要移居的國家以及移居的原因。您應該檢查打算搬到的國家/地區的規定。計劃搬到愛爾蘭的人們將基本不受影響。
4. There are new rules for EU citizens in the UK
英國針對歐盟公民的新規定
If you're an EU citizen living in the UK by 31 December 2020 - or from Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway or Switzerland - your rights remain the same until 30 June 2021.
如果您是到2020年12月31日在英國居住的歐盟公民，或者是從冰島，列支敦斯登，挪威或瑞士居住的歐盟公民，那麼您的權利將保持到2021年6月30日。
But you should check if you can stay after that. You'll need to become a UK citizen, or apply to the EU Settlement Scheme. Again, because of the Common Travel Area, rights of Irish citizens will not change.
但是您應該檢查在這之後是否可以留下。您需要成為英國公民，或申請歐盟和解計劃。同樣，由於公共旅行區的原因，愛爾蘭公民的權利不會改變。
5. There'll be a new UK immigration system
將會有一個新的英國移民系統
From January, there'll be a new points-based system for foreign citizens (except Irish nationals) wanting to move to the UK. The government says it'll treat EU and non-EU citizens equally and will aim to attract people who can contribute to the UK economy.
從1月開始，英國將為希望移居英國的外國公民（愛爾蘭國民除外）提供一種新的基於積分的系統。政府表示將平等對待歐盟和非歐盟公民，並旨在吸引能夠為英國經濟做出貢獻的人們。
People wanting to move to the UK to work, live or study will have to apply and pay for a visa. It will cost 348 to apply for a student visa from outside the UK, or 475 to extend or switch one from inside the UK.
想要移居英國工作，生活或學習的人將必須申請並支付籤證費用。從英國境外申請學生籤證的費用為348英鎊，從英國境內延期或轉換籤證的費用為475英鎊。
Applying for a visa as a skilled worker will cost between 610 and 1,408 per person - unless an individual has skills the country is short of. People applying for visas will also have to pay a health surcharge of 624 per person per year, unless they are healthcare workers.
以技術工人身份申請籤證的費用為每人610英鎊至1,408英鎊-除非個人具備該國缺乏的技能。申請籤證的人還必須支付每人每年624英鎊的醫療附加費，除非他們是醫護人員。
6. If you want to buy or sell with the EU, things get trickier
如果您想與歐盟進行買賣，事情會變得更加棘手
The UK and the EU have agreed there'll be no taxes on each other's goods when they cross borders and no limits on the amount of things that can be traded. However, traders in England, Wales and Scotland (for the case of Northern Ireland, see below) will need to make customs declarations as if they were dealing with countries elsewhere in the world - this means a lot of paperwork.
英國和歐盟已經同意，當彼此越過邊界時，彼此的商品將不收稅，並且對可交易物品的數量也沒有限制。但是，英格蘭，威爾斯和蘇格蘭的商人（就北愛爾蘭而言，請參見下文）將需要像在與世界其他國家的貿易往來一樣進行海關申報-這意味著大量文書工作。
Some products, including plants, live animals and some foods, will also need special licences and certificates. Others will have to be labelled in specific ways. There will no longer be automatic recognition of professional qualifications - people will need to check each country's rules to make sure their qualifications are still recognized.
有些產品，包括植物，活體動物和某些食品，也將需要特殊的許可證和證明。其他的則必須以特定的方式標記。自動識別專業資格認證不再實行--人們將需要檢查每個國家/地區的規定以確保仍然認可其資格。
And while the UK government has chosen to delay - by six months - the imposition of full controls, the EU will be carrying out checks from 1 January.
儘管英國政府已選擇將全面控制的實施推遲六個月，但歐盟將從1月1日起進行檢查。
Even though trade with the EU will become trickier, the UK is free to negotiate its own trade deals with other countries, like the US. Brexit supporters say this will benefit the economy in the long run, although critics say it's more important to remain close to the EU.
儘管與歐盟的貿易將變得更加棘手，但英國可以自由地與美國等其他國家談判自己的貿易協議。英國脫歐的支持者表示，從長遠來看，這將使經濟受益，儘管批評人士表示，與歐盟保持聯繫更為重要。
7. Northern Ireland becomes an exception
北愛爾蘭成為例外
The UK and EU have agreed to keep an all-but-invisible border, without checkpoints, between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland (which remains in the EU). Northern Ireland will continue to follow many of the EU's rules, meaning that lorries can continue to drive across the border without having to be inspected.
英國和歐盟已同意在北愛爾蘭和愛爾蘭共和國（仍留在歐盟）之間保持一個幾乎所有不可見的邊界，沒有檢查站。北愛爾蘭將繼續遵守歐盟的許多規定，這意味著貨車無需檢查即可繼續越過邊境。
However, some new checks will be needed on certain goods arriving into Northern Ireland from the rest of the UK (England, Scotland and Wales) instead. Food products - such as meat, fish and eggs - will need to be checked to ensure they comply with EU standards.
但是，某些從英國其他地區（英格蘭，蘇格蘭和威爾斯）抵達北愛爾蘭的商品將需要進行新的檢查。需要檢查食品，例如肉，魚和蛋，以確保它們符合歐盟標準。
However, in order to reduce any potential disruption, supermarkets will be given an initial three-month "grace period" where the rules will not be enforced on the food they bring into Northern Ireland. Certain meat products will have a longer, six-month grace period. What happens after this period is unclear and will be the subject of future negotiations.
但是，為了減少任何潛在的幹擾，超市將獲得為期三個月的初始「寬限期」，在該寬限期內，將不對他們帶入北愛爾蘭的食品實施規定。某些肉類產品的寬限期為六個月。在此之後發生的情況尚不清楚，將成為未來談判的主題。
An agreement has also been reached to eliminate tariffs - extra charges on goods - for most trade between Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) and Northern Ireland. Some new paperwork will nevertheless be required from 1 January and businesses will need be ready for the changes.
對於英國（英格蘭，蘇格蘭和威爾斯）與北愛爾蘭之間的大多數貿易，還達成了消除關稅（商品附加費）的協議。但是，從1月1日開始，將需要一些新的文書工作，並且企業需要為更改做好準備。
文章來源：
https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-54195827
Vocabulary
1. Scheme 方案
2. Permitted 允許的
3. Withdrawal 退出
4. Aim to 目標是
5. Short of 缺乏
6. Qualifications 資格
7. Exception 例外
8. Inspect 檢查
9. Tariffs 關稅