埃及法老的墓裡有什麼?

- Who Was/Is 系列 -

No.13

書名：Who Was King Tut？

作者：Roberta Edwards

Goodreads：3.97 / 5.00

via Amazon.com

Who Was King Tut?

誰是圖特國王？

翻譯：Catrina Chiang

In June of 2005, pharaoh fever struck California. In just one month, half a million people streamed into the Los Angeles County Museum of Art. They wanted to see the dazzling jewelry and household items that once belonged to a king of Egypt.

2005年6月，一股「法老熱」席捲加利福尼亞。僅在一個月內，就有50萬人紛紛湧進洛杉磯縣立藝術博物館。他們想看看曾經屬於某位埃及國王的璀璨珠寶和家居用品。

Everyone was very excited to see beautiful furniture and lamps, musical instruments, and board games. So many people came, the museum had to stay open until eleven o'clock at night.

看到美麗的家具和燈具、樂器，還有棋類遊戲，每個人都興奮不已。這麼多人來參觀，博物館不得不開到晚上十一點。

There was a small chair the king used as a child. There was a chariot that he used to ride. There was a couch in the shape of two spotted cows. Objects that had once belonged to other pharaohs were also on display. There were about one hundred and twenty-five objects, including fans and vases and folding chairs and clothes.

博物館展出了國王小時候坐過的一把小椅子，一輛他駕馭過的雙輪敞篷戰車，還有一張形如兩頭斑點奶牛的長榻。曾經屬於其他法老的物品也在展出之列。大約有125件展品，包括扇子、花瓶、摺疊椅和服飾。

陪葬品——兩個頭環 (Circlet) via Tour Egypt

Although many things looked brand-new, they weren't. They were more than three thousand years old. For all that time, everything lay hidden under the sands of Egypt in a secret tomb.

雖然許多東西看上去像新的一樣，但其實不然。它們已經有3000多年的歷史了。一直以來，所有東西都埋藏在埃及沙塵之下的一個秘密古墓裡。

Early in the twentieth century, a man named Howard Carter spent years searching for the tomb. He knew the king's name: Tutankhamun. And he thought he knew where the king was buried. Finally, in 1922, just when he was about to give up, he found it.

20世紀初期，一個叫霍華德·卡特的人花了數年的時間探尋這座古墓。他知道這個國王的名字：圖坦卡蒙。並且，他認為自己知道這個國王被安葬在哪裡。最後，在1922年，就在他打算放棄的當口，他找到了這座古墓。

The discovery made headlines all over the world. Before this, nobody had ever heard of King Tutankhamun. Suddenly, everyone knew his name. People began calling him King Tut for short.

這一發現成為全世界的頭條新聞。在此之前，沒有人聽說過圖坦卡蒙國王。突然之間，每個人都知道了他的名字；大家簡稱他為圖特王。

陪葬品——十字型木製鏡奩 via Tour Egypt

Today, King Tut is probably the most famous of all the pharaohs. Yet he was not an important or powerful ruler. He was pharaoh for only about nine years. We know he got married. However, we do not even know whether he had children.

至今，圖特王大概是所有法老中最著名的一個。然而他並不是一位重要、或者說強大的統治者。他當法老的時間大約只有9年。我們知道他結了婚，但尚不知道他是否有過自己的孩子。

Tut died very young—when he was eighteen or nineteen years old. And the reason he died remains a mystery. Some historians think he may have been murdered.

圖特去世的時候很年輕——只有18歲或19歲。他的死因仍是一個未解之謎。有些歷史學家認為，他也許是被謀殺的。

It is strange to think that he became famous because of what was buried with him. But all the beautiful things in his tomb are important. They tell us about what life was like in ancient Egypt. And together they form a picture of who King Tut was.

奇怪的是，人們認為他是因為自己的隨葬物品才聞名於世。不過，他墓葬中所有漂亮的物品都十分重要。它們向我們講述了古埃及的生活是什麼樣的。所有這些物品，一起勾畫出了圖特王生前的形象。

via New York Post

Chapter 3

第三章

The Boy King

少年國王

Still, growing up in ancient Egypt was full of pleasures. Especially if somebody belonged to the royal family. Tut was born a prince. He spent his childhood in a brand-new palace in Amarna.

儘管如此，在古埃及長大成人還是其樂無窮的。尤其是那些出身皇室的孩子。圖特生來便是王子，他在阿瑪納一座新建的宮殿裡度過了他的童年。

Egyptian palaces were huge. All over the palace grounds were beautiful gardens and giant pools the size of lakes. Palace buildings were made of brick and covered in white plaster. The walls were covered with colorful paintings. There were separate buildings for the pharaoh's wives.

埃及的宮殿高大華麗，宮殿周圍全是美麗的花園和湖泊大小的大型水池。宮殿建築用磚砌成，表面刷了一層白色灰泥；牆壁上滿是五彩斑斕的繪畫。法老的妻子們都有各自獨立的宮殿。

埃及宮殿內景圖 via Pinterest

Servants would have seen to all of Tut's needs. Each day they brought his food. Peasants ate bread and drank beer. But for a royal prince, there were meat and vegetables. Figs and dates. Wine was made from grapes grown in the north of Egypt, or from dates or figs or pomegranates.

僕人們會滿足圖特王的所有需求。每天，他們為圖特進奉膳食。農夫們只能啃麵包、喝啤酒。但對王子來說，就能吃到各種肉類和蔬菜，還有無花果和海椰棗。酒是用生長在埃及北方的葡萄釀成的，或者是由海棗、或無花果，或石榴釀造而成。

北非海棗樹 via African Manager

It appears that young Tut was a member of "the clean plate club." A small statue of him reveals a chubby child with a plump belly and arms.

年輕的圖特似乎是「光碟俱樂部」的一員。一尊他的小雕像展現出一個胖乎乎的小孩，有著圓鼓鼓的肚子和肉嘟嘟的胳膊。

His servants also bathed and dressed him. They shaved his head, leaving only a braid of hair at the side. This was the hairstyle for a prince. While he slept, they fanned him with ostrich-plume fans. That way, the heat would not disturb him.

圖特的僕人們還會服侍他沐浴更衣。他們還剃掉了他的頭髮，只在邊上留了一綹小辮子。這是屬於王子的髮型。圖特睡覺的時候，僕人們會用鴕鳥羽毛扇給他扇風，那樣，熱氣就不會影響他睡覺了。

Crocodiles lived in the Nile River. So guards kept watch every time Tut went swimming. Once he got older, he could ride his own chariot drawn by two fine horses with plumed headdresses. Or he could sit back and enjoy a boat trip on the Nile.

尼羅河裡長有鱷魚。因此，每當圖特去河裡遊泳，護衛們都要時刻保持警惕。圖特長大一些後，他可以駕駛自己的戰車了，他的戰車由兩匹飾有羽毛頭飾的駿馬拉著。他也可以怡然安坐，享受尼羅河上的泛舟之樂。

Tut took his bow and arrow and went hunting with his hounds. In the desert, he might shoot an ostrich. Near the river there were ducks to hunt. Evidently Tut liked playing a popular board game called Senet. (He made sure four sets were put in his tomb.)

圖特帶上弓箭，牽著獵狗一起去打獵。在沙漠裡，他可以射中一隻鴕鳥；在河流附近，則可以抓住幾隻鴨子。顯然，圖特喜歡玩一種流行的「塞尼特」的棋盤遊戲。（他特意讓人在自己的墓中放置了四套棋具。）

古埃及Senet棋盤遊戲 via Pinterest

Did he like to play music? Perhaps so. Trumpets were found in his tomb. If he didn't want to play himself, musicians would play for him. They would play the harp and lute and pipe.

那麼，他喜歡演奏音樂嗎？也許是吧。因為在他的墓葬中發現了幾支喇叭。如果他無意親自彈奏，音樂家們會為他代勞的。他們會彈奏豎琴、詩琴和音笛。

Because of the heat, even princes and princesses wore light, simple clothing.

由於天氣炎熱，即使是王子和公主，也穿著輕便簡單的服飾。

Paintings of Tutankhamun show him in a pleated kilt of white linen.

圖坦卡蒙的畫像顯示，他穿著白色亞麻褶襉短裙。

His clothes were simple, but his jewelry was not. He wore heavy gold bracelets and rings. Some necklaces of beads and gold were so large that they covered his chest. His wife wore lots of heavy, beautiful jewelry. So did other royal children. Young boys wore heavy earrings. (Two pairs of Tut's were placed in his tomb.)

他的衣服十分簡單，但是身上的珠寶卻不簡單。他戴著沉甸甸的金手鍊和金戒指；有些珍珠和黃金製成的項鍊形狀巨大，以至於遮住了他的胸部。他的妻子也戴著許多繁重而美麗的珠寶；其他的孩子們也是如此。年輕的男孩子們都戴著重重的耳環。（圖特的墓中，就放有他的兩對耳環。）

圖特墓中的一對耳環 via Tour Egypt

Ancient Egypt was the first place to develop a written language. Boys learned to read and write starting at four years old. Did Tut know how? Probably. Writing materials were put inside his tomb. A beautiful brush case belonging to Tut was made from wood covered in gold foil with gemstones. If Tut didn't feel like doing his own writing, he could have had a scribe do it for him. A scribe's job was to write down all the pharaoh's order and letters for him.

古埃及是文字的發源之地。男孩子們四歲就開始學習讀和寫。圖特知道怎麼讀寫嗎？可能吧。他的墓中就放有書寫用具。圖特有一個精美筆盒是木製的，裹著金箔，鑲有珠寶。若是圖特不想親自寫字，他可以讓書記官代勞。書記官的工作，就是為圖特記錄下所有法老的敕令和信件。

The Egyptians didn't have pens or pencils. Instead, they took a reed and chewed on the end of it. When the tip split apart, it could be used as a brush. Black ink was made from soot or charcoal. It came in a small, round block. A student had to dip the brush in a water pot before rubbing it on the ink.

古埃及人沒有鋼筆或鉛筆。他們拿來取而代之的是，找來一根蘆葦，咬開蘆葦的根部。根尖裂開後，就可以用作毛筆。黑色的墨水由菸灰或木炭製成，做成一個小圓塊。學生得先把毛筆放進水罐裡蘸一蘸，然後再在墨水塊上摩擦幾下。

Egyptians made a kind of heavy paper, from papyrus plants along the bank of the Nile. (Our word "paper" comes from "papyrus.") The stem of the plant was cut into long strips. The strips then were placed in two layers, crossways, and pounded with a hammer. When all the juice was pounded out, the two layers formed a single sheet. That was put under a heavy stone until it dried out even more and became flatter. The last step was to rub the papyrus sheet back and forth with a stone until it was smooth.

埃及人造出了一種厚紙，原料是尼羅河岸邊的紙莎草。（英文中的「紙張」一詞就源於「紙莎草」）將這種植物的莖杆削成長條，然後把這些長條交叉放置兩層，用錘子敲打。當所有的汁液被搗出乾淨時，這兩層莖杆就會形成一張紙。再把它壓在一塊重重的石頭下，直到它變得更乾燥、更平整。最後一步，用石頭來回摩擦紙莎草紙，直至它變得光滑。

via Wikimedia Commons

Instead of binding sheets of papyrus into books, the sheets were rolled up into scrolls. Papyrus paper was very strong. Some scrolls have been found that are thousands of years old. They are still in good shape. Papyrus was also easy to erase. A dab of water was all that was needed to get rid of a mistake.

這些紙莎草紙不是被裝訂成書，而是捲成捲軸。紙莎草紙非常結實，有些被發現的捲軸，已經有幾千年的歷史了，但仍然處於良好的狀態。紙莎草紙也很容易擦除痕跡，只需要少量的水就能擦掉錯誤。

As a child, Tut probably made lots of mistakes learning to write. Our alphabet has only twenty-six letters. His had about one thousand different symbols called "hieroglyphs." Many hieroglyphs look more like pictures than letters.

圖特小時候，可能在學習寫字時犯過很多錯誤。我們的字母表只有26個字母，但他的字母表大約有1000個不同的符號，稱為「象形文字」。許多象形文字看上去更像是圖畫，而不是字母。

象形文字（刻著法老名字）長方形木盒 via Tour Egypt

After the ancient empire of Egypt came to an end, the meaning of hieroglyphs was lost for many centuries. No one could translate the writing. It was like secret code that could not be broken.

在古埃及帝國衰亡之後，象形文字的意義也消失了許多世紀。沒有人能解讀出這種文書，它就像是一個無法破解的密碼。

Then, in 1822, a Frenchman named Jean-Franois Champollion finally figured out how to decipher (translate) hieroglyphs. Many of the objects in King Tut's tomb are inscribed with the pharaoh's name in hieroglyphs.

後來，到1822年，一位名為讓-弗朗索瓦·商博良的法國人，終於弄清楚了如何破解（翻譯）象形文字。圖特王墓裡的許多物品上，都用象形文字刻著法老的名字。

It looked like this:

就像是這樣的：

via Who Was King Tut

TIPS

The Rosetta Stone

羅塞塔石碑

If it weren't for a lucky accident, the meaning of hieroglyphs might still be a mystery. In 1799 French soldiers found a large piece of black stone, called "basalt." The stone had carvings in three different scripts: Hieroglyphs, Greek, and a third kind called "Demotic."

如果不是一次幸運的意外，象形文字的意義也許仍是一個未解之謎。1799年，法國士兵發現了一塊叫做「玄武巖」的黑色大石頭，石頭上刻有三種不同的文字，即象形文字、希臘語，以及稱為「埃及通俗語」的第三種文字。

The words on the stone were written in 196 B.C. to praise a pharaoh named Ptolemy V. All three languages were commonly used at the time so that whoever saw the stone could read it.

石頭上的文字刻寫於公元前196年，是為了頌揚一位名為託勒密五世的法老。這三種文字在當時都普遍使用，因此，無論誰看到石頭，都能讀懂。

By the 1800s, no one knew how to read hieroglyphs. But if someone could match up the Greek and the Demotic to the hieroglyphs, they could create a key to hieroglyphs.

19世紀之前，沒有人知道如何讀懂象形文字。但是，如果有人可以將希臘語和埃及通俗語與象形文字匹配起來，那他們就造出了一把解讀象形文字的鑰匙。

via ThingLink

Jean-Franois Champollion finally figured out the basic rules of hieroglyphs—after studying the stone for fourteen years! Finally, after almost fifteen hundred years of silence, the language of ancient Egypt could at last be "heard."

讓-弗朗索瓦·商博良終於弄明白了象形文字的基本規則——在研究這塊石頭長達十四年後！最後，歷經幾乎近1500年的沉寂，古埃及的語言終於被我們「聽到了。」

The stone is called the Rosetta Stone after the town where it was found. Today it is in the British Museum in London.

這塊石頭被命名為羅塞塔石碑，取自它被發現的那個小鎮。如今，它被保存在倫敦的大英博物館。

via blog.britishmuseum.org

Who Was / Is 世界名人系列插畫本，每本約一百多頁；內容淺顯易懂、風趣幽默，配有人物相關事物的小百科；適合隨身閱讀。英語語言難度：小學高年級及初中生。

歡迎來到咕噠鎮！

音頻內容請關注「咕噠鎮」微信公眾號收聽