NEWTON』S THIRD LAW OF EMOTION
Your Identity Will Stay Your Identity Until a New Experience Acts Against It
前面第一章已經說到,這一章是關於價值觀的問題。所有作者新提出的牛頓三大定律也都是圍繞著價值觀來展開討論的。在新的牛頓第三定律中,作者提出,每個人自我意識都會一直保持下去,只有在擁有了新的經歷之後,才會發生改變。這裡的「新」,指的是完全顛覆我們以往認識世界價值觀的經歷,如果與我們以往經歷比較接近,那都不叫新。
這裡作者舉了一個很典型的關於感情的例子,如果某個人經歷的幾段感情都不順利,並且遇人不淑,那麼她在遇到一個對她好的人之後,她就很難去改變自己的看法,她還是會認為對方「不好」,並且會不斷「雞蛋裡挑骨頭」從而來尋求「證據」去「證實」自己的看法是「合理」的。哪怕對方做得再好,她也會覺得「不安」。因為她的內心認定:(1)自己不值得擁有最好的感情;(2)所有男人都是壞人。仔細想想,這個例子很符合現實生活中的我們,譬如我們一旦稍不如意,就會不斷否定自己。這一方面是因為我們的閱歷比較有限,一方面是我們的認知能力還沒達到一定深度。
但其實,很多事情在顛覆我們的以往的認知以後,我們只有在正確去對待它們以後,我們才能正確認識世界,自己也會更加積極向上。只有我們經歷得足夠多,閱歷才增加,隨之而來的認知能力也會提升。這裡的認知能力也不僅僅指的是知識層面的,尤其是現在碎片化的學習時代,知識的擴展非常容易,終生學習基本上大部分人都能辦到。我們大多數人要提升的認識問題的深度,越是在這種碎片化學習的時代,認識問題的深度越難達到。只有一是認識了,二是經歷了,才能達到一定深度。
另一方面,大多數人認為,很多時候我們的價值觀是建立在我們的主觀感受上的。不過作者這裡給出了另一種不同的解釋:
Our values aren’t just collections of feelings. Our values are stories. When our Feeling Brain feels something, our Thinking Brain sets to work constructing a narrative to explain that something.
作者在這裡提出,我們自身所形成的價值觀並不只是我們主觀感受的積累。我們的價值觀也能反映出我們自身所經歷的一切。之前說過,人的兩個大腦:感性大腦和理性大腦,它們需要相互協調好,人才會成長。這裡再一次提到,感性大腦感知到某些東西時,理性大腦就會建立起自己的一套邏輯,來為我們「解釋」我們所感知到的東西。
Our narratives are sticky, clinging to our minds and hanging onto our identities like tight, wet clothes. We carry them around with us and define ourselves by them. We trade narratives with others, looking for people whose narratives match our own. We call these people friends, allies, good people. And those who carry narratives that contradict our own? We call them evil.
我們自身形成的邏輯是緊緊跟隨著我們對自身身份的認同的。我們帶著這種身份認同來認識自己,並同他人交流。遇到符合我們思考邏輯的人,我們稱之為「朋友」、「好人」或「夥伴」;而反之,碰到與我們思考邏輯不一致的,我們會視作「壞人」,遠離他們。
Our narratives about ourselves and the world are fundamentally about (a) something or someone’s value and (b) whether that something/someone deserves that value. All narratives are constructed in this way:
Bad thing happens to person/thing, and he/she/it doesn’t deserve it.
Good thing happens to person/thing, and he/she/it doesn’t deserve it.
Good thing happens to person/thing, and he/she/it deserves it.
Bad thing happens to person/thing, and he/she/it deserves it.
Every book, myth, fable, history—all human meaning that’s communicated and remembered is merely the daisy-chaining of these little value-laden narratives, one after the other, from now until eternity.
我們對自己以及對世界的認識基本上也是(1)對某些事物及某個人價值觀的認識;(2)是否認同某些應得到怎樣的對待。然後我們的認識就在這之中,不斷循環反覆。這些我們為自己創建起來的邏輯,如哪些事物重要/不重要等都是我們的價值觀建立的基礎。它們會幫助我們更好地適應這個世界,更好地處理人際關係,更好地認識自己,最終會得出我們是否值得擁有好的生活、是否值得被愛、是否成功等觀點。這一系列的認識最終形成我們自身的認同感。
These narratives we invent for ourselves around what’s important and what’s not, what is deserving and what is not—these stories stick with us and define us, they determine how we fit ourselves into the world and with each other. They determine how we feel about ourselves—whether we deserve a good life or not, whether we deserve to beloved or not, whether we deserve success or not—and they define what we know and understand about ourselves.This network of value-based narratives is our identity.
When you adopt these little narratives as your identity, you protect them and react emotionally to them as though they were an inherent part of you.
當我們形成了自身認同感以後,我們就會去保護它們,尤其是當自身認同感被破壞時,我們會激勵反擊,因為我們認為它們是我們的一部分。
Our identities snowball through our lives, accumulating more and more values and meaning as they tumble along. The longer we』ve held a value, the deeper inside the snowball it is and the more fundamental it is to how we see ourselves and how we see the world. Like interest on a bank loan, our values compound over time, growing stronger and coloring future experiences.
我們的價值觀就像雪球一樣,隨著自身的經歷越滾越大,經歷越多,價值觀就會越加牢固。所以這也就是為什麼我們對某些人和事情總有一些「偏見」。
那麼,既然價值觀可以形成,那是不是也可以改變?答案是:是。作者說,想要改變價值觀的唯一途徑就是經歷與我們價值觀完全相反的事情。既然我們已經在自己的邏輯鏈裡形成了自己的「思維慣性」,那麼實際上,我們也會難以去接受與我們邏輯相反的事物。如果要求我們去接受,也就意味著需要脫離這種慣性,需要改變,而改變就意味著「痛苦」。這在很多人的人際關係裡,非常適用。譬如我們過去常常跟某一些朋友交往,即便我們總不被認可,但是我們實際上已經習慣了這種交往模式,一旦我們發現這種問題存在,想要改變時,我們會在心裡做出掙扎。因為我們珍視交往中的感情,但更為關鍵的是,我們是在跟過去的「自己」說再見。俗話說,沒有舍,哪有得。只有我們真正摒棄了這種模式,我們才能真正「成長」。就好比如一個人剛剛開始學走路,在摔倒過幾次後,他才知道如何避免再摔倒,也許他還是會不可避免地摔倒,但至少他摔倒的次數會越來越少。
The values we pick up throughout our lives crystallize and form a sediment on top of our personality. The only way to change our values is to have experiences contrary to our values. And any attempt to break free from those values through new or contrary experiences will inevitably be met with pain and discomfort. This is why there is no such thing as change without pain, no growth without discomfort. It’s why it is impossible to become someone new without first grieving the loss of who you used to be.
Because when we lose our values, we grieve the death of those defining narratives as though we』ve lost a part of ourselves—because we have lost a part of ourselves. We grieve the same way we would grieve the loss of a loved one, the loss of a job, a house, a community, a spiritual belief, or a friendship. These are all defining, fundamental parts of you. And when they are torn away from you, the hope they offered your life is also torn away, leaving you exposed, once again,to the Uncomfortable Truth.
萬有引力新解
Emotional Gravity
「There is an emotional gravity to our values: we attract those into our orbit who value the same things we do, and instinctively repel, as if by reverse magnetism, those whose values are contrary to our own. These attractions form large orbits of like-minded people around the same principle. Each falls along the same path, circling and revolving around the same cherished thing.」
在作者提出的新觀點中,他認為我們的價值觀也可以運用萬有引力的理論來進行闡釋:我們的價值觀也有「引力」效應——即我們會吸引那些重視我們同樣關注的事情的人到我們的「軌道」上,並如磁性反向原理一樣,本能地排斥與我們價值觀相反的人;這些吸引力將志同道合的人聚集在一起,在同一原理周圍形成一個大的軌道。每一個人都沿著同樣的軌道行進,圍繞著同樣重視的事情。這也就是說,我們與和我們愛好、價值觀相似的人更能一同努力完成某件事。
This emotional gravity, is the fundamental organization of all human conflict and endeavor.
而這種「引力」也是人類一切衝突與努力的最根本組織形式。
「The stronger we hold a value,」 he wrote, 「that is, the stronger we determine something as superior or inferior than all else, the stronger its gravity, the tighter its orbit, and the more difficult it is for outside forces to disrupt its path and purpose. 「Our strongest values therefore demand either the affinity or the antipathy of others—the more people there are who share some value, the more those people begin to congeal and organize themselves into a single, coherent body around that value: scientists with scientists, clergy with clergy.
我們所持有的價值觀越牢固,我們就對事物判斷力越強(判斷事物好壞與否),這種引力越強大,軌道也會更緊(越不容易脫軌),外界對價值觀摧毀也就越困難。因此,我們最強烈的價值觀,要麼需要他人對我們的贊同,要麼就是反感——越多的人分享同一種價值觀,那麼就會有越多的人能夠凝聚在一起,形成一個獨立、團結、統一的團體:科學家和科學家、神職人員和神職人員。這也是為何很多教育世家裡面培養出的後代也多數是做教育相關職業的原因,實際生活中其實很難有「野雞變鳳凰」的美談。
All peoples are more the same than they are different. We all mostly want the same things out of life. But those slight differences generate emotion, and emotion generates a sense of importance. Therefore, we come to perceive our differences as disproportionately more important than our similarities. And this is the true tragedy of man. That we are doomed to perpetual conflict over the slight difference.
與大多數人來說,我們的共性較之個性會更多些,普遍性存在於特殊性之中,每個人的情況既與別人大致相同,也不相同,但整體來說,普遍性會更為明顯,尤其是文化背景較為類似的個體中,所需要、所追求的也都大致相同。正如作者所說,我們大多數人所想要的東西都是一樣的,而那些不同之處卻讓我們產生出了自己的感知,由這些感知又可以衍生出我們所認為事物的「重要性」(即價值觀)。所以,相比認識那些統一性來說,我們認識各自的差異尤為重要。這才是人類真正悲劇產生的根源——人是註定要為那些「細微的差異」而產生永久的衝突的。
所以這也就是說,我們即便再有共同之處,但是一旦在追求同一事物時,我們也是會產生衝突的。因為我們可能了解對方需要某些東西的心理,比如家庭條件相當的兩個人都會想著在某些領域做出一番成績,但因背後的動機不一樣,所以或多或少也會產生一些矛盾。再比如,很多人追求物質上的富足,雖然家庭條件處在小康的某個人也有此類追求,但他的追求的動力絕對沒有那些條件稍微差一點的人足,也許家庭條件差一些的就會更加努力,然後也考慮更多。這也就是我們所說的差異。這是一個弱肉強食的社會,所以我們必須要小心那些「差異性」的東西。
This theory of emotional gravitation, the coherence and attraction of like values,explains the history of peoples. Different parts of the world have different geographic factors. One region may be hard and rugged and well defended from invaders. Its people would then naturally value neutrality and isolation. This would then become their group identity. Another region may overflow with food and wine, and its people would come to value hospitality, festivities, and family. This, too, would become their identity. Another region may be arid and a difficult place to live, but with wide-open vistas connecting it to many distant lands, its people would come to value authority, strong military leadership, and absolute dominion. This, too, is their identity.
這套情感引力理論,即相似價值觀的凝聚性和吸引力,解釋了人類的歷史。世界不同地區有著不同的地理因素。一個土地堅硬、道路崎嶇不平的地區,可以很好地抵禦侵略者,它的人民自然就會更加中立與孤立一些,那麼這種特徵就會變成這個地方群眾的身份認同感;另一個地區可能有著豐富的食物美酒,那裡的人民就會很重視好客的禮儀、節日和家庭,這也同樣成為這個地區人民的身份認同感。還有一個地方可能幹旱,不適合居住,但由於其開闊的視野,廣闊的土地與其它地方相連接,這裡的人民可能會重視權威、強大的軍事領導力和絕對統治權。這同樣的也是他們的身份認同感。
這就是作者提出的牛頓的第三定律的新解。