近日,一項刊登在國際雜誌the-Journal-of-Clinical-Investigation上的研究報告中,來自哥倫比亞大學醫學中心的科學家通過研究揭示了因A型鏈球菌感染誘發的免疫細胞如何進入大腦中,促進炎症最終導致患兒出現自身免疫性神經精神障礙;研究者對小鼠模型進行研究,發現免疫細胞可以通過鼻腔中的氣味傳感神經元進入大腦,而並不是通過直接突破血腦屏障來完成的,這對於後期開發診斷、監測及治療相關障礙的新型方法提供了一定思路。
A型鏈球菌(化膿性鏈球菌)的復髮型感染會引發膿毒性咽喉炎,這和自身免疫性神經精神障礙直接相關,尤其值得注意的是和鏈球菌感染相關的兒童自身免疫性神經精神障礙(PANDAS),患該疾病的兒童通常表現出圖雷特症候群樣的運動和發音痙攣或者以外的強迫觀念行為表現。
化膿性鏈球菌的細胞壁包含著特殊的分子,而這些分子和心臟、腎臟及大腦組織中發現的分子非常相似,這些「模擬」的分子可以被免疫系統所識別,但由於分子模擬現象存在,抗體不僅會對細菌產生反應,還會對宿主組織產生反應,產生自身抗體來攻擊機體自身組織;此前研究中,科學家們並不理解自身抗體如何獲取通道進入到大腦中,因為來自血腦屏障的血管可以抑制分子、抗體及免疫細胞從血液向大腦中的自由運動。
很多年前,科學家們發現化膿性鏈球菌的復髮型感染可以誘發Th17細胞的產生,Th17細胞是一種輔助細胞,目前研究者並不清楚Th17細胞如何引發大腦炎性及PANDAS患兒機體的症狀。通過研究鼻內感染化膿性鏈球菌的組織,研究者就發現,細菌特異性的Th17細胞可以沿著氣味傳感神經元從鼻腔通過篩板進行運動,隨後細胞就會到達大腦中的嗅球結構。
研究者Agalliu說道,一旦Th17細胞進入到大腦中,其就會損壞血腦屏障使得自身抗體和其它的Th17細胞進入到大腦中並且促進神經炎性反應;而且更有意思的是,研究者們還會在鼻腔中發現大量的化膿性鏈球菌,但其卻並不能滲透入大腦中,這就是A型鏈球菌(化膿性鏈球菌)和B型鏈球菌的差異之處。
最後,研究者希望本文研究對於開發,針對PANDAS的新型診斷技術以及抵禦化膿性鏈球菌感染的新型療法提供一定思路和幫助,而目前他們還非常感興趣致力於尋找可以通過修復血腦屏障來抑制自身抗體進入大腦,最終修復血腦屏障的新方法。(生物谷Bioon.com)
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Group A Streptococcus intranasal infection promotes CNS infiltration by streptococcal-specific Th17 cells
Thamotharampillai Dileepan1, Erica D. Smith2, Daniel Knowland2, Martin Hsu2, Maryann Platt3, Peter Bittner-Eddy1, Brenda Cohen1, Peter Southern1, Elizabeth Latimer4, Earl Harley5, Dritan Agalliu2,3, and P. Patrick Cleary1
Group A streptococcal (GAS) infection induces the production of Abs that cross-react with host neuronal proteins, and these anti-GAS mimetic Abs are associated with autoimmune diseases of the CNS. However, the mechanisms that allow these Abs to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and induce neuropathology remain unresolved. We have previously shown that GAS infection in mouse models induces a robust Th17 response in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT). Here, we identified GAS-specific Th17 cells in tonsils of humans naturally exposed to GAS, prompting us to explore whether GAS-specific CD4+ T cells home to mouse brains following i.n. infection. Intranasal challenge of repeatedly GAS-inoculated mice promoted migration of GAS-specific Th17 cells from NALT into the brain, BBB breakdown, serum IgG deposition, microglial activation, and loss of excitatory synaptic proteins under conditions in which no viable bacteria were detected in CNS tissue. CD4+ T cells were predominantly located in the olfactory bulb (OB) and in other brain regions that receive direct input from the OB. Together, these findings provide insight into the immunopathology of neuropsychiatric complications that are associated with GAS infections and suggest that crosstalk between the CNS and cellular immunity may be a general mechanism by which infectious agents exacerbate symptoms associated with other CNS autoimmune disorders.
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