JTS 文章目錄(2021,Vol.30,No.1)-Part 1

CONTENTS-PART 1

Volume 30, Issue 1, January-February 2021

Springer Link: https://link.springer.com/journal/11630/volumes-and-issues/30-1

1.Liquid Air Energy Storage for Decentralized Micro Energy Networks with Combined Cooling, Heating, Hot Water and Power Supply

小規模液態空氣儲能冷熱電聯供系統性能分析

 

SHE Xiaohui, ZHANG Tongtong, PENG Xiaodong, WANG Li, TONG Lige, LUO Yimo, ZHANG Xiaosong, DING Yulong

 

Corresponding author: DING Yulong

E-mail: [e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 1-17.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1396-x

 

Open Access -SpringerLink: 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1396-x

Keywords: liquid air energy storage, cryogenic energy storage, micro energy grids,combined heating, cooling and power supply, heat pump

Abstract: Liquid air energy storage (LAES) has been regarded as a large-scale electricalstorage technology. In this paper, we first investigate the performance of the current LAES (termed as a baseline LAES) over a far wider range of charging pressure (1 to 21 MPa). Our analyses show that the baseline LAES could achievean electrical round trip efficiency (eRTE) above 60% at a high charging pressure of 19 MPa. The baseline LAES, however, produces a large amount of excess heat particularly at low charging pressures with the maximum occurred at~1 MPa. Hence, the performance of the baseline LAES, especially at low charging pressures, is underestimated by only considering electrical energy in all the previous research. The performance of the baseline LAES with excess heat is then evaluated which gives a high eRTE even at lower charging pressures; the local maximum of 62% is achieved at ~4 MPa. As a result of the above, a hybrid LAES system is proposed to provide cooling, heating, hot water and power. To evaluate the performance of the hybrid LAES system, three performance indicators are considered: nominal-electrical round trip efficiency (neRTE), primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions. Our results show that the hybrid LAES can achieve a high neRTE between 52% and 76%, with the maximum at ~5 MPa. For a given size of hybrid LAES (1 MW×8 h), the primary energy savings and avoided carbon dioxide emissions are up to 12.1 MWh and 2.3 ton, respectively. These new findings suggest, for the first time, that small-scale LAES systems could be best operated at lower charging pressures and the technologies have a great potential for applications in local decentralized micro energy networks.

中文導讀：鑑於以往有關液態空氣儲能(LiquidAir Energy Storage - LAES) 的研究大都聚焦基準（大型獨立）LAES系統的高壓工況，本文首先研究了基準LAES系統在寬充能壓力範圍（1-21 MPa）的性能。研究結果表明，當充能壓力在19MPa時，基準LAES系統的儲電效率可以高達60%；與此同時，基準LAES系統產生了大量的多餘高溫壓縮熱，並在充能壓力為1MPa時達到最大值。以往的研究中通常只考慮發電量而忽略多餘的高溫壓縮熱，導致基準LAES系統的性能被低估，尤其是當充能壓力較低時。本文繼而通過考慮多餘的高溫壓縮熱對基準LAES系統的性能重新進行了評估，結果顯示，即使在較低的充能壓力下，基準LAES系統依舊可以獲得較高的性能，並且在充能壓力4MPa時獲得局部最大儲電效率62%。基於以上的研究結果，本文提出了一種LAES冷熱電聯供複合系統，為了評估該系統的性能，本文考慮了三種性能評價指標：當量儲電效率，一次能源節約量，以及二氧化碳排放減少量。研究結果表明，該LAES複合系統的當量儲電效率可以達到52%-76%，並在充能壓力為5MPa時獲得最大值。對於空氣液化耗電量8MWh的LAES複合系統，一次能源節約量和二氧化碳排放減少量可以分別達到12.1 MWh和2.3噸。這些新發現首次證實了小規模LAES系統可以在較低的充能壓力下獲得最佳的運行性能，這將推動LAES技術在分布式能源微網中的應用。

2.Research Progress of Tip Winglet Technology in Compressor

壓氣機中應用葉尖小翼技術的研究進展

 

ZHONG Jingjun, WU Wanyang, HAN Shaobing

 

Corresponding author: WU Wanyang

E-mail: [e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 18-31.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1402-3

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1402-3

 

Keywords:blade tip winglet, compressor, tip leakage flow, tip leakage vortex

 

Abstract: In the present study, the research progress of tip winglets that control tip clearance leakage flow in compressors is reviewed. Firstly, the effects of tip leakage flow on the aerodynamic performance of the compressor are presented. Subsequently, the development of tip winglet technology is reviewed. Next, aseries of studies on compressor tip winglet technology are conducted. Besides, the effects of tip winglets on the aerodynamic performance of rectangular cascades of low-speed and high-subsonic compressors, subsonic compressor rotor and transonic compressor rotor are discussed, respectively, and the control effect of tip winglet technology combined with tip groove design on tip leakageis investigated. Lastly, the subsequent development direction and research prospect of compressor tip winglet technology are presented.

 

中文導讀：本文綜述了葉尖小翼控制壓氣機葉頂間隙洩漏流動的研究進展。首先介紹了葉頂洩漏流動對壓氣機氣動性能的影響。接著回顧了葉尖小翼技術的提出與發展。之後詳細介紹了壓氣機葉尖小翼技術方面開展的一系列研究工作，分別討論了葉尖小翼對低速及高亞聲速壓氣機矩形葉柵、亞聲速壓氣機轉子、跨聲速壓機轉子氣動性能的影響及其作用機制，並論述了葉尖小翼結合葉頂凹槽設計對葉頂洩漏的控制效果。最後給出了壓氣機葉尖小翼技術未來的發展方向和研究前景。

 

3. Recent Advances in Closed Loop Spray Cooling and its Application in Airborne Systems

閉式噴霧冷卻系統研究進展及其在機載領域的應用

 

XU Xinjie, WANG Yu, JIANG Yanlong, LIU Jinxiang, YUAN Xiaolei

 

Corresponding author: WANG Yu

E-mail:[e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 32-50.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1395-y

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1395-y

 

Keywords:spray cooling, closed loop, heat transfer performance, influencing factor, correlations

 

Abstract: In recent years, the problem of heat dissipation in airborne directed energy weapons has attracted considerable research interest. Spray cooling can beapplied to cool airborne directed energy weapons, owing to its several advantages such as a large heat transfer coefficient, absence of boiling hysteresis and uniform surface temperature. To examine the potential of an airborne spray cooling system, the typical high heat flux dissipation methods were compared, and the state of the art research on spray cooling was reviewed. This review was focused on studies related to the spray cooling hydrodynamicme chanism, experimental studies of closed loop spray cooling, numerical simulation studies about spray cooling and the identification of the factors influencing spray cooling systems, and investigations related to the multiple nozzle spray cooling technology and heat transfer correlation predictions. Overall, there is a need for further research to investigate the failure phenomenon after the critical state, matching operation of the total system and microscopic characteristics of airborne specific parameters.

 

中文導讀：近年來，以雷射武器為代表的機載定向能武器的散熱問題引起了廣泛關注。噴霧冷卻由於其高傳熱係數、無沸騰滯後和表面均溫性強等優點，在機載定向能武器冷卻領域具有很強的應用潛力。為了考察噴霧冷卻方法在機載領域的應用潛力，本文首先對典型的高熱流密度高效換熱方法進行了對比，並回顧了噴霧冷卻技術的研究進展。同時，重點回顧了噴霧冷卻的流動傳熱機理、閉環噴霧冷卻的試驗研究進展、典型數值模擬分析方法、噴霧冷卻影響因素的判別、面向機載應用的多噴嘴噴霧冷卻技術和基於典型特徵數的噴霧冷卻無量綱關聯式推導過程。通過文獻綜述發現，在噴霧冷卻系統面向機載領域的實用化進程中，還需要對臨界狀態後的傳熱失效現象、整個系統的運行匹配控制策略和機載特定邊界條件下的液滴液膜微觀流動換熱特徵進行進一步理論分析。

 

4. Optimal Design of Distributed Energy Resource Systems under Uncertainties Based on Two-Stage Robust Optimization

基於兩階段魯棒優化的不確定性條件下分布式供能系統優化配置

 

LI Da, ZHANG Shijie

 

Corresponding author: ZHANG Shijie

E-mail:[e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 51-63.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1397-9

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1397-9

 

Keywords:distributed energy resource, optimal design, two-stage robust optimization, uncertainty, uncertainty set

 

Abstract: Distributed energy resource (DER) systems are widely used owing to their excellent economic and environmental performance. However, uncertainties in the system generate difficulties in the optimal design of DER systems. In practice, the distribution of uncertain parameters is generally unknown. In this work, a two-stage robust optimization (RO) model was proposed for the optimal design of DER systems considering uncertainties in renewable energy intensity, energy prices, and load demands. Three uncertainty sets (i.e., the box, ellipsoid, and convex-hull uncertainty sets) were adopted to describe the distribution of uncertain parameters, and the proposed two-stage RO problem was solved using affine decision rules. A typical hospital in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China, was selected as the case study object, and the effectiveness of themodel was verified. The case study results showed that uncertainties in energy prices and load demands have a significant impact on system configuration and economic performance, and mainly affect the installed capacities of gasboilers, absorption chillers, and storages. Uncertainty set will affect the optimization results and an appropriate uncertainty set should be adopted to describe uncertainties precisely and increase accuracy of results.

 

中文導讀：分布式供能系統具有良好的經濟性與環保性，得到廣泛的應用。然而，系統中存在的多種不確定性給分布式供能系統的優化配置帶來了困難。在實際應用中，不確定性參數的準確概率分布信息通常難以獲知。本文考慮可再生能源強度、負荷需求和能源價格的不確定性，構建了分布式供能系統優化配置的兩階段魯棒優化模型，採用三種不確定集合（盒式、橢圓、凸包不確定集合）描述不確定性參數的分布，採用仿射決策規則對模型進行轉化與求解。選取江蘇省連雲港市的一家典型醫院作為案例研究對象，驗證了模型的有效性。研究結果表明，能源價格和負荷需求的不確定性對系統配置形式與經濟性影響顯著，並且主要影響燃氣鍋爐、吸收式制冷機和蓄能裝置的安裝容量；不確定集合形式會影響系統最優配置形式，為了保證計算結果的準確性，需要選用合適的不確定集合對不確定性參數進行描述。

 

5. Modelling and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Hot-Cold Conversion Pipe Using R134a-DMF-He as the Working Pair

以R134a-DMF-He 為工質的熱冷棒模擬及熱力學分析

 

LI Haiyu, LIN Peng, DU Shuai, WANG Liwei

 

Corresponding author: DU Shuai

E-mail:[e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 64-75.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1243-0

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1243-0

 

Keywords:diffusion absorption refrigeration, R134a-DMF-He, hot-cold conversion, waste heat recovery, thermodynamic analysis

 

Abstract: Based on the concept of a diffusion absorption system, a hot-cold conversion pipe utilizing 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (R134a)-dimethylformamide (DMF)-helium(He) as the working pair is presented with the aim of cooling output by recovering the low-grade waste heat. The model of the hot-cold conversion pipeis established, in which a heat pipe is used to transfer the waste heat as the heat input. The equations of the thermodynamic properties of the working pairare established by equation of state method (EOS). The model of the hot-cold conversion pipe is built based on the mass, species and energy balance equations of each component. The direct conversion of heat to cold is achievedby the desorption, absorption, condensation and diffusion evaporation processesof R134a. The hot-cold conversion pipe is cooled by natural convection, which can be enhanced by chimney effect. The thermodynamic analysis is carried out to analyze the effect of the boundary conditions, i.e. the heat source temperature, the refrigeration temperature, and the environmental temperature, on the system performance. This paper provides a theoretical basis for actual application of the hot-cold conversion pipe in waste heat recovery field.

 

中文導讀：本文基於擴散吸收系統的概念，提出以R134a-DMF-He為工質的熱冷轉換棒，通過回收餘熱，輸出製冷量。其中，餘熱通過熱管傳導並作為冷熱幫的熱源。通過EOS方法，構建工質的熱力性質方程，通過各組分的物料守恆，質量守恆，能量守恆，構建熱冷棒數值仿真模型。通過R134a的解析、吸附、冷凝及擴散實現熱冷轉換。通過煙囪效應加強自然對流實現熱冷棒的冷卻降溫。系統的邊界條件敏感性被分析，包括熱源溫度、製冷溫度、環境溫度。本文為熱冷棒在餘熱回收領域的實際應用提供理論基礎。

 

6. Visualization Experiment and Numerical Analysis of Cavitation Flow Characteristics in Diesel Fuel Injector Control Valve with Different Structure Design

不同結構柴油噴油器控制閥空化流動特性可視化實驗與數值模擬研究

 

MA Haoyuan, ZHANG Tong, AN Qingsong, TAO Yuhao, XU Yue

 

Corresponding authors: 

MA Haoyuan; [e-mail];

AN Qingsong; [e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 76-87.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1301-7

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1301-7

 

Keywords:diesel engine, fuel injector, control valve, cavitation

 

Abstract: Increasing the injection pressure has been proven an effective method to enhance performance and reduce pollutant of diesel engine. With the increase of the injection pressure, the cavitation damage problem inside common rail fuel injector is more significant, which has direct influences on reliability of diesel engine. While the most studies so far have focused on cavitation occurred in injector nozzle and its atomization characteristics, few researchers studied the cavitation phenomenon in fuel injector control valve. But due to the complexity of flow field and difficulty of experiment, the cavitation in control valve could not be fully described by existing theories. In this paper, the two-dimensional visualization experiment and numerical simulation of control valve was implemented to acquire the image of cavitation intuitively and validate the simulation method and model. Then a new structure design of control valve named convergent model was presented for comparison. The origin model and convergent model with different valve lifts were simulated in three dimensions. The results showed that the sheet cavitation occurred at the surface of seal cone and steel ball then turned to cloud cavitation in downstream area. The intensity of cavitation increased with the increase of valve lift. Convergent model could efficiently reduce the cavitation intensity near the seal area. This research could provide references for engineering optimization design of control valve.

 

中文導讀：提高噴油壓力可以顯著提高柴油機的性能並改善排放。但隨著噴油壓力的逐步提高，高壓共軌噴油器內的空化空蝕問題愈發顯著，直接影響柴油機的壽命與可靠性。目前已有的研究大多只關注噴孔處的空化流動以及噴霧方面的特性，很少有學者針對噴油器控制閥區域的空化流動做出相應研究。由於控制閥結構的複雜性和實驗數據的缺乏，目前已有的結論還不足以充分描述噴油器控制閥的空化流動。本文利用二維流動可視化實驗直觀地獲得控制閥區域的空化流動圖像，並利用實驗數據對數值模擬模型和方法進行了驗證。根據實驗和模擬結果提出了一種新型控制閥結構稱為內收模型，利用三維數值模擬對不同升程下的內收模型和原始模型控制閥進行了對比研究，結果表明：在控制閥的錐座表面和鋼球表面產生的片空化在下遊處轉變成雲空化；空化強度隨著控制閥升程的提高而增大；內收模型可以顯著減小控制閥密封面附近的空化強度。本文可以為工程應用中的控制閥設計提供優化參考。

 

7. Study of Unforced Unsteadiness in Centrifugal Pump at Partial Flow Rates

離心泵近設計流量下內部非受迫流動結構的研究

 

YANG Jun, XIE Tian, LIU Xiaohua, SI Qiaorui, LIU Jun

 

Corresponding author: SI Qiaorui

E-mail:[e-mail]

 

Journal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 88-99.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-019-1241-2

 

SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-019-1241-2

 

Keywords:centrifugal pumps, partial flow conditions, pressure pulsations, unforced unsteadiness, 2-D frequency domain visualization method

 

Abstract: In order to explore the unforced unsteadiness of centrifugal pumps, a 2-D frequency domain imaging display technology was used to study the development of these unsteady flow structures at partial flow conditions. The results showed that, the unsteady flow field was not only affected by rotor and stator interaction, but also appeared an unforced unsteadiness with fundamental frequency of St≈0.23 around the impeller throat area. Moreover, as the flow rates decreased, this unsteady flow structure gradually weakened and disappeared. When the flow rate was reduced to 0.6 times of design flow rate, another two unforced unsteady flow structures with characteristic frequencies of St≈0.0714 and St≈0.12 began to appear in the same area. Therefore, with the operating condition smaller than design flow rate, the internal flow became more and more complex. In addition to the forced unsteadiness, the unforced unsteadiness which is not connected with the blade passage frequency became more and more obvious.

 

中文導讀：離心泵內除了與葉片通過頻率相關的受迫流動結構，與葉片通過頻率無關的非受迫流動結構也是引起系統中強烈振動和噪聲問題的主要因素，並開始受到越來越多的關注。本文主要研究設計流量到0.6倍設計流量範圍內葉輪內部流動隨流量的變化規律，為了探索離心泵在近設計點非受迫流動的發展規律，採用二維頻域成像顯示技術對其進行研究。結果表明，隨著運行工況向小流量偏轉，泵內非定常流場不僅受轉子和蝸殼的動靜幹涉影響，而且還出現了明顯的非受迫流動結構，其對應的特徵頻率為St≈0.23，位於葉輪喉部周圍。此外，隨著流量的進一步減小，這種流動結構逐漸減弱並消失。當流量減小到0.6倍設計流量時，另外兩個非受迫流動結構開始在葉輪喉部周圍出現，特徵頻率分別為St≈0.0714和St≈0.12。

8. Correlation Research between Turbulent Pressure Pulsation and Internal Sound Field Characteristics of Centrifugal PumpCHENG Xiaorui, WANG Peng, ZHANG ShuyanJournal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 100-110.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1253-ySpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1253-yKeywords:centrifugal pump, pressure pulsation, internal sound field noise, frequency, simulationAbstract: In order to study the correlation between the internal flow noise of the centrifugal pump and the turbulent pressure pulsation, a single-stage single-suction centrifugal pump was used as the research object by the combination of numerical calculation and experiment. Based on the RNG k-ɛ model and the N-Sequation, the model pump was simulated numerically by CFD. A dipole sound source was extracted by the turbulent pulse action of the volute wall surface according to the FW-H equation. The acoustic field of the model pump was solvedon the basis of the boundary element method, and the sound pressure distribution of the internal flow field under the action of the dipole sound source of the volute wall and the frequency response of the inlet and outlet fields were obtained. The results show that the distribution of hydrodynamic noise inside the centrifugal pump is related to the pressure pulsation, presenting obvious dipole distribution and disturbance at the tongue. The sound pressure value of the field is mainly concentrated in the blade passing frequency and double frequency, in which the blade passing frequency is the strongest, and the sound pressure value decreases obviously under other double frequency. The main frequency of hydrodynamic noise is the blade passing frequency.中文導讀：為研究離心泵內部流動噪聲與湍流壓力脈動的相關性，採用數值計算和試驗相結合的方法以一臺單級單吸離心泵為研究對象，基於RNG k-ɛ模型和N-S方程對模型泵採用CFD全流場數值模擬計算，並根據FW-H方程提取蝸殼壁面的湍流脈動作為偶極子聲源。基於聲學邊界元法對模型泵內部聲場進行求解，得到內部流場在蝸殼壁面偶極子聲源作用下的聲壓分布圖和進出口場點的頻率響應。結果表明：離心泵內部水動力噪聲的分布與壓力脈動有關，呈現明顯的偶極子分布規律且隔舌處擾動比較明顯；場點的聲壓值主要集中在葉頻以及其倍頻下，其中葉頻下最強，其他倍頻下聲壓值降幅明顯;水動力噪聲的主要發生頻率為葉頻。9. Performance Study of a Hybrid Heat Pump Dryer based on Numerical Analysis and Experimental Set-upSHAMSUDDEEN Mohamed Murshid, CHA Dong-An, KIM Seon-Chang, KANEMOTO Toshiaki, KIM Jin-HyukCorresponding author: KIM Jin-HyukE-mail:[e-mail] of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 111-122.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1384-1SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1384-1Keywords:heat pump, hybrid dryer, CFD, drying rate, sea cucumber, oysterAbstract: Seafood, especially sea cucumbers and oysters are an expensive delicacy inseveral Asian countries. Traditional sun-drying of these products takes 3 to 4 days and fetches a lower market price. Modern industrial drying machines used for seafood drying are unable to dry sea cucumbers and oysters without texture and color degradation as they are delicate, temperature-sensitive and have longer drying time. An economical drying system that does not cause texture or color degradation is the heat pump drying system and is commonly applied for agriculture and fabric drying. In this study, the heat pump technology is applied to develop two hybrid dryer models (bottom discharge and front discharge) to dry shellfish and sea cucumbers in large scale for storage and transportation. Each model is tested in a laboratory-scale with wet sponges as input material for its dehumidification capacity and the power consumed to attain the target dryness. The front discharge model is found to have rapid drying capability and economy. Computational fluid dynamic tools are used to study the hot air flow behavior and flow uniformity inside the drying chamber. The front discharge model showed smooth uniform flow over the trays with fewer losses in the flow velocity. The front discharge model with higher drying rate, lower power consumption and uniform airflow distribution over the trays is chosen for the industrial-scale design.10. General Design and Thermodynamic Analysis of a Supercritical Carbon Dioxide CannonZHANG Fan, LIU Hongrui, WU You, LI Jiaqi, YU Huazhang, WANG Xiaoliang, GUO Baoting, YUAN YixiangLIU Hongrui; [e-mail] Yixiang; [e-mail] of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 123-132.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1376-1SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1376-1Keywords:supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) cannon, state equation, thermodynamic analysis, field testAbstract: This paper presents a new supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) cannon based on the carbon dioxide (CO2)’s thermodynamic cycle under constant volume. First, Virial equation and NIST database are applied to formulate SCO2’s property and analyze the thermodynamic cycle, which is aimed to get the optimization equation using the cannon’s exit velocity as objective function. Then the cannon’s structural parameters, such as diaphragm thickness and barrel length, and CO2’s filling mass, are optimized. Finally, the flow field and velocity’s change during the launch process is performed with FLUENT. In field test, the ultra-high pressure sensor and ultra-high speed camera are used to measure the pressure distribution along the barrel’s axial direction and the projectile’s exitvelocity under different conditions. The results show that all the performance indexes meet the design requirement. The innovative SCO2 cannon in this paperhas obvious advantages such as high safety, low cost and fast loading, which can be applied in many situations such as disaster relief, peace keeping and anti-terrorism. Moreover, the unique energy storage method and thermodynamic design ensure its subsequent development.中文導讀：本文基於二氧化碳（CO2）在定容狀態下的熱力學循環提出了一種新型的超臨界二氧化碳(SCO2)炮。首先，利用維裡方程和NIST資料庫對SCO2的性質進行了精確描述，並對熱力學循環進行了分析，以火炮出口速度為目標函數，得到優化方程，然後在此基礎上，對該炮的結構參數，如隔板厚度、身管長度、CO2填充量等參數進行了優化；最後，利用FLUENT仿真軟體計算了發射過程中的流場和速度變化。在外場試驗中，採用超高壓傳感器和高速攝像機測量了不同工況下炮筒軸向壓力分布和彈丸出口速度，結果表明各項性能指標均能達到設計要求。本文研製的新型超臨界二氧化碳炮具有安全性高、成本低、裝載速度快等明星優點，可應用於救災、維和、反恐等多種場合，且獨特的儲能方式和熱力學設計保證了其後續改進與發展潛力。11. Investigation on One-Dimensional Loss Models for Predicting Performance of Multistage Centrifugal Compressors in Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle超臨界二氧化碳布雷頓循環中多級壓縮機一維性能預測損失模型研究SHAO Wenyang, DU Juan, YANG Jinguang, WANG Xiaofang, LYU GuochuanCorresponding author: YANG JinguangE-mail:[e-mail] of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 133-148.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1242-1SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1242-1Keywords:supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle, centrifugal compressor, one-dimensional performance analysis, loss model, three-dimensional CFD simulationAbstract: The main compressor in a supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle works near the critical point where the physical properties of CO2 are far away from the ideal gas. To investigate the effectiveness of the convention alone-dimensional (1D) loss models for predicting the performance of compressors working in such nontraditional conditions, detailed comparisons of 1D predicted performance, experimental data and three-dimensional CFD results are made. A1D analysis method with enthalpy and total pressure based loss system is developed for multistage SCO2 centrifugal compressors, and it is firstly validated against the experimental results of a single stage SCO2 centrifugal compressor from the Sandia National Laboratory. A good agreement of pressureratios with experiments can be achieved by the 1D method. But the efficiency deviations reveal the potential deficiencies of the parasitic loss models. On the basis of the validation, a two-stage SCO2 centrifugal compressor is employed to do the evaluation. Three-dimensional CFD simulations are performed. Detailed comparisons are made between the CFD and the 1D results at different stations located in the compressor. The features of the deviations are analyzed in detail, as well as the reasons that might cause these deviations.中文導讀：超臨界二氧化碳（SCO2）布雷頓循環中的主壓縮機運行在二氧化碳臨界點附近，工質物性變化劇烈，具有顯著的非理想性物性特點。為了研究傳統一維損失模型在預測非傳統工況下SCO2離心壓縮機性能的有效性，本文對一維模型預測結果，實驗值與三維CFD結果進行了詳細的對比研究。本文針對多級SCO2離心式壓縮機，建立了基於焓和總壓混合損失模型的一維分析方法，並首先通過桑迪亞國家實驗室一臺單級SCO2離心式壓縮機的實驗結果對該方法進行了驗證。驗證結果表明，採用本文所建立的一維方法得到的壓比曲線與實驗值吻合較好，但在小流量工況時效率特性曲線存在差異，其揭示了寄生損失模型在外部損失預測方面存在潛在缺陷。然後，對一臺三級SCO2壓縮機的前兩級進行了一維和三維CFD性能預測。對壓縮機不同流向位置的CFD計算結果與一維計算結果進行了詳細的比較，詳細分析了兩者偏差的特點，以及產生這些偏差的原因。12. Performance Improvement of Single Screw Compressor by Meshing Clearance Adjustment Used in Refrigeration System製冷系統用單螺杆壓縮機嚙合間隙調整對性能提升的機理研究LU Yuanwei, LIU Shanwei, WU Yuting, LEI Biao, ZHI Ruiping, WEN Qiangyu, MAChongfangJournal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 149-164.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1291-5SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1291-5Keywords:single screw compressor, leakage, performance improvement, meshing clearanceheight, refrigerationAbstract: The single screw compressor (SSC) is widely used in air compression and refrigeration systems due to its many advantages. The meshing clearance between the screw groove and gate rotor teeth flank has a significant influence on the compressor performance. In this paper, mathematical calculation models describing the internal working process of the SSC are established in order to evaluate the thermal dynamic characteristics of the compressor under varying meshing clearance heights. The refrigerating capacity, volume efficiency and adiabatic efficiency of the SSC are calculated and discussed. Three prototypes, with different meshing clearance heights, were manufactured to study the internal influence mechanisms. The theoretical model was verified using experimental data and the calculation results strongly agreed with the experimental results. Results demonstrate that comparisons of volume efficiency and adiabatic efficiency between the measured and calculated results exhibited deviations of 3.64%‒7.98% and 5.92%‒9.4%, respectively. Based on the models, analysis under varying meshing clearance heights and working conditions was performed. Taking into account working performance, actual manufacturing conditions and manufacturing cost limitations, a meshing clearance height range from 0.01 mm to 0.08 mm is suggested. This study can provide important theoretical data and experimental support for the design, manufacturing and optimization of single screw compressors.中文導讀：單螺杆壓縮機因其具有諸多優點，已經被廣泛的應用在壓縮和製冷系統中。在螺槽和星輪齒的嚙合面之間形成的間隙對壓縮性能起著顯著的影響。為了分析單螺杆壓縮機在不同嚙合間隙高度下的熱力工作特點，本文建立了描述單螺杆壓縮機內部工作過程的數學模型，並計算和討論了系統的製冷量，壓縮機的容積效率和絕熱效率。文中設計、製造了三臺具有不同嚙合間隙高度值的樣機，以便分析間隙調整對壓縮機內部的影響機理。通過實驗測試驗證了理論模型的正確性，並且計算結果與實驗結果吻合較好。結果表明，實測結果和計算結果的容積效率和絕熱效率的偏差分別為3.64%-7.98%和5.92%-9.4%。基於所建立的模型，文中對不同嚙合間隙高度和不同工作條件下的壓縮機工作特性進行了分析。考慮到工作特性以及實際的製造條件和生產成本，建議嚙合間隙高度值的範圍在0.01mm-0.08mm之間進行調整。該研究可為單螺杆壓縮機的設計，製造和優化提供重要的理論數據和實驗支撐。13. Phase Equilibrium Characteristics of CO2 and Ionic Liquids with [FAP]–Anion Used for Absorption-Compression Refrigeration Working Pairs[FAP]-離子液體-CO2吸收壓縮式製冷工質對相平衡特性WU Weidong, WANG Li, LI Xiang, LIU Hui, ZHANG Hua, DOU BinlinCorresponding author: WU Weidong; E-mail: [e-mail] Hua, [e-mail] of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 165-176.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1407-ySpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1407-yKeywords:CO2,ionic liquids (ILs), absorption-compression, refrigeration working pair, phase equilibrium, tris(perfluoroalkyl) trifluorophosphate anions([FAP]–)Abstract: The study of the phase equilibrium characteristics of CO2-ionic liquids (ILs) as new absorption-compression type refrigeration working pairs is of great importance. Three kinds of ILs, i.e., [emim][FAP], [bmim][FAP] and [hmim][FAP], were chosen as potential absorbents. The solubility of CO2 in these ILs was measured experimentally within 0 to 5.0 MPa at temperatures of 293.15 K to 333.15 K, and the effects of temperature, pressure, IL anion and cation structure and stirring action on CO2 solubility were also discussed and analyzed. The results showed that the longer alkyl chains in an identical IL family, the alkyl fluoride group in IL anions and the stirring action by a magnetic stirrer had positive effects on the solubility of CO2. In the three ILs, [hmim][FAP] possessed the best performance for CO2 absorption; the solubility of CO2 reached 0.7641 at a pressure of 5 MPa and temperature of 293.15 K, the maximum solubility measured in this work. The CO2-[hmim][FAP] binary mixture is recommended as a potentially applicable working pair for CO2 absorption-compression refrigeration systems.中文導讀：CO2-離子液體作為工質對應用於新型吸收壓縮式製冷系統，其相平衡特性的研究具有重要意義。本研究選擇三種離子液體（[emim][FAP]、[bmim][FAP]和[hmim][FAP]）作為潛在吸收劑，在293.15 K~333.15 K和0 MPa~5.0 MPa的溫度壓力範圍內實驗測定了CO2在其中的溶解度，並討論了溫度、壓力、陰陽離子結構和攪拌作用對CO2溶解度的影響。結果表明，同族離子液體中的陽離子烷基鏈長度，陰離子中的烷基氟基團以及磁力攪拌器的攪拌作用對CO2的溶解有積極的促進作用。在三種離子液體中，[hmim][FAP]具有最好的CO2吸收性能，其在5 MPa和293.15K時獲得了本文最大CO2溶解度（0.7641）。CO2-[hmim][FAP]混合物可作為CO2吸收壓縮製冷系統的一種潛在應用工作對。14. Comparison of Conventional and Advanced Exergy Analysis for Dual-Loop Organic Rankine Cycle usedin Engine Waste Heat Recovery用於發動機餘熱回收的雙迴路有機朗肯循環的傳統和高級火用分析的比較WANG Zhiqi, HU Yanhua, XIA XiaoxiaCorresponding author: XIA xiaoxiaJournal of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 177-190.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1299-xSpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1299-xKeywords:advanced exergy analysis, conventional exergy analysis, dual-loop organic Rankine cycle (DORC), internal combustion engine, waste heat recovery (WHR)Abstract: At present, the dual-loop organic Rankine cycle (DORC) is regarded as an important solution to engine waste heat recovery (WHR). Compared with the conventional exergy analysis, the advanced exergy analysis can better describe the interactions between system components and the irreversibility caused byeconomic or technical limitations. In order to systematically study the thermodynamic performance of DORC, the conventional and advanced exergy analyses are compared using an inline 6-cylinder 4-stroke turbocharged diesel engine. Meanwhile, the sensitivity analysis is implemented to further investigate the influence of operating parameters on avoidable-endogenous exergy destruction. The analysis result of conventional exergy analysis demonstrates that the priorities for the components that should be improved are in order of the high-temperature evaporator, the low-temperature turbine, the first low-temperature evaporator and the high-temperature condenser. The advanced exergy analysis result suggests that the avoidable exergy destruction values arethe highest in the low-temperature turbine, the high-temperature evaporator and the high-temperature turbine because they have considerable endogenous-avoidable exergy destruction. The sensitivity analysis indicates that reducing the evaporation pinch point and raising the turbine efficiency can decrease the avoidable exergy destruction.中文導讀：目前，雙迴路有機朗肯循環（DORC)被認為是一種有效的發動機餘熱（WHR）回收技術。與傳統㶲分析法相比，高級㶲分析法可以更好的描述系統部件之間的相互作用以及技術經濟因素導致的不可避免損失。本文應用傳統和高級㶲分析法，對比分析直列式六缸四衝程渦輪增壓柴油發動機餘熱DORC系統的熱力性能，並運用敏感性分析法研究運行參數對內部可避免㶲損失的影響規律。傳統的㶲分析法結果表明，部件性能提升的優先順序依次是高溫蒸發器、低溫膨脹機、低溫蒸發器和高溫冷凝器。高級㶲分析法結果表明，低溫膨脹機、高溫蒸發器和高溫膨脹機中的可避免㶲損失最大，這些部件具有更大的改進潛力。靈敏度結果表明，降低蒸發器夾點溫差和提高膨脹機效率可以降低可避免㶲損失。15. Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes Equations Describing Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer Behavior for Supercritical Fluid描述超臨界流體湍流流動傳熱行為的雷諾平均Navier-Stokes方程YANG Zheng, CHENG Xu, ZHENG Xinghua, CHEN HaishengCorresponding author: CHEN HaishengE-mail:[e-mail] of Thermal Science, 2021, 30(1): 191-200.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11630-020-1339-6SpringerLink: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11630-020-1339-6Keywords:SCF-RANS equations, supercritical fluid, turbulence, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equationsAbstract: Supercritical fluid has been widely applied in many industrial applications. The traditional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations are directly applied for turbulent flow and heat transfer of the supercritical fluid, ignoring turbulent effect of the thermal physical properties due to the intense nonlinearity. This paper deduces a set of Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations for supercritical fluid (SCF-RANS equations) to depict turbulent flow and heat transfer of the supercritical fluid taking all the physical parameters as variables. The SCF-RANS equations include many new correlation terms due to fluctuation of the thermal physical properties. Model methods for the new correlation term have been discussed for closing the SCF-RANS equations. Some of them have relatively mature models, while others are completely new and need profound physical theoretical analysis for proposing reasonable models. This paper provides referable information for these new correlations as far as authors know. The SCF-RANS equations not only provide the formulation special for flow and heat transfer of the supercritical fluid, but also represent the most sophisticate form of the RANS equations, for every involved physical property has been considered as variable without any simplification.中文導讀：超臨界流體已經在許多工業領域得到了應用。目前，傳統的雷諾平均Navier-Stokes方法（RANS）被直接應用於超臨界流體湍流流動傳熱的模擬，忽略了由於超臨界流體物性劇烈變化引發的湍流輸運效果。該文章將涉及的所有參數作為變量，推導了一整套適用於超臨界流體湍流流動傳熱的雷諾平均Navier-Stokes方程組(SCF-RANS)。由於熱物性的脈動作用，SCF-RANS方程組包含許多新的關聯項。為了封閉SCF-RANS方程組，該文討論了針對這些新關聯項的建模方法。這些關聯項有的已經有了相對成熟的模型，而其它的關聯項則是全新的，需要對其進行深入的物理理論分析來提出合理的模型。該文對這些新的關聯項提供了作者所知的參考信息。SCF-RANS方程組不僅提供了適用於超臨界流體湍流流動傳熱的方程組，而且代表了最複雜的RANS方法的方程形式，因為方程組中所有涉及的物理參數都被作為變量處理，沒有進行任何形式的簡化。《Journal of Thermal Science》（熱科學學報）於1992年創刊，是中國科學院工程熱物理研究所主辦的英文期刊，是有關能源、動力、環境方面的學術性刊物，面向國內外發行。現為雙月刊，被SCI-E、EI、CNKI、CSCD等收錄，與Springer出版社籤訂國際合作協議。國際刊號：ISSN 1003-2169（紙刊），ISSN: 1993-033X（電子刊）

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