一個非洲記者在美國親身感受的種族歧視:以膚色來定義我 What it's like to be an African ...

2021-02-26 思辯Debate

    

       非裔美國人喬治·佛洛伊德(George Floyd)在被警員制服期間身亡事件之後,抗議席捲了美國。肯尼亞記者拉裡·馬杜沃(Larry Madowo)寫下他在這個國家所親歷的種族主義。

As protests rock the US following the death of African-American George Floyd in police custody, Kenyan journalist Larry Madowo writes about the racism he has experienced in the country.

       去年夏天在紐約的第一個星期,我被邀請去一個朋友在上西區的頂層公寓吃晚餐。

In my first week in New York City last summer, I was invited to dinner at a friend's penthouse on the wealthy Upper West Side.

       我買了一些水果,提著塑膠袋來到她的樓前。

I picked up some fruit for her and arrived at her building carrying a plastic bag.

       前臺指我去樓後面的一個開放庭院,穿過堆放住戶垃圾袋的地方,進了一個出奇骯髒的電梯。

The front desk sent me through an open courtyard to the back of the building, past residents' garbage bags and into a surprisingly dirty lift.

       到了樓上走出電梯時,主人家開門時一臉窘迫,她臉上的氣色全沒了。

When I got off upstairs, my host opened the door mortified, all the colour drained from her face.

       「那個種族主義者看門人以為你是送外賣的,讓你去用服務電梯,」 她一邊道歉一邊解釋說。

"My racist doorman thought you're a delivery guy and made you use the service elevator," she explained as she apologised. 


上圖:美國或許對很多人來說是一個機遇之地,但是它仍然有可能以我的膚色來定義我,貶低我的價值。拉裡·馬杜沃(Larry Madowo)肯尼亞記者。

       雖然我在南非和英國複雜的種族階層結構下工作過,也遊歷過世界各地,但是一個美國住宅管理人員,不認為一個像我朋友這樣有教養的白人和她的丈夫會有一個黑人訪客這件事,仍然刺痛了我。

I have worked in the complicated racial hierarchies of South Africa and the UK and have travelled around the world, but it still stung that an American butler did not think accomplished white people like my friend and her husband could have a black dinner guest.

      早期的這次輕微傷害事件給了我一個預警:美國或許對很多人來說是一個機遇之地,但它仍然有可能以我的膚色來定義人,貶低我的價值。

That early micro-aggression forewarned me that America may be the land of opportunity for many, but it would still reduce me to the colour of my skin and find me unworthy.

       我來自一個黑人為大多數的非洲國家,這並不重要。在這裡,那些外貌像我一樣的人們,不得不為自己的人格尊嚴而與一個持續異化、排擠和責罰他們的體系周旋。

It did not matter that I am from a black majority African nation, people who look like me here have to negotiate for their humanity with a system that constantly alienates, erases and punishes them.

       在肯尼亞,我或許可以淹沒在人群裡,但是在美國,卻總是因為我是黑人也背負著一個箭靶。

In Kenya, I may disappear into the crowd, but in America I always have a target on my back for being black.

       金融投資銀行人士艾米·庫珀(Amy Cooper)因為一個哈佛畢業的黑人要求她遵守公園規定拴住狗而不滿報警。( Read more: 喬治·佛洛伊德事件:抗議發生的五大社會背景 5 pieces of context to understand protests ) 一天之後,一名白人警員就用膝部長時間壓住喬治·佛洛伊德的頸脖,直至他最後死亡。

A day after investment banker Amy Cooper called the police after a Harvard-educated black man asked her to follow park rules and leash her dog, a white policeman knelt on George Floyd's neck for so long it eventually killed him.

     我的心碎了。

I was heartbroken.

       隨著要求為佛洛伊德,以及無數被警察殺害的黑人爭取公義的抗議呼聲在全美各地爆發,我屏住了呼吸。

As protests broke out nationwide to demand justice for Floyd and the countless other black people who have been killed by police, I held my breath.

       我如何去哀悼一個我不認識的人?作為一個初來乍到登陸美國的非洲人,如何去感受一種我沒有體驗過的痛?我在想,在某個手到拿來的時刻,我會不會將非裔美國人所受的苦挪為己用?

How could I grieve for someone I did not know? How could I own a pain I had not lived, as an African "fresh off the boat" in America? I wondered if I would be appropriating the African-American struggle at a convenient moment.

      然後,我看到了一段在加州長灘的抗議視頻,那份忠誠非常清晰。

Then I saw a video shot at a protest in Long Beach, California, that was clear about allegiances.

       「在美國的非洲人能夠支持非裔美國人的最好方式,就是和我們站在一起,去理解我們所有人都是一樣的,」一名抗議者說。

"The best way that Africans in America can support African-Americans is to stand with us, and to understand that we're all the same," said a protester.

       我問湯姆·吉塔(Tom Gitaa): 一份在美國中西部以非洲移民為受眾的報紙《Mshale》的出版人,怎樣看待始於他所在的明尼阿波利斯市的這些抗議,以及其後的暴亂和搶掠。

I asked Tom Gitaa - a publisher of Mshale newspaper, which serves African immigrants in the Midwest of the US - what he made of the protests, subsequent riots and looting that began in his city of Minneapolis.

       「我們很多人在非洲成長過程中並沒有伴隨著這些民權議題,所以有時候我們並不理解。」

"Many of us didn't grow up with some of these civil rights issues in Africa so sometimes our understanding is not there.

       「但是說到警暴、工作場所歧視等議題,我們遇到的很多事情就和非裔美國人多年來所經歷的一樣,」 吉塔說。他在大約30年前從東非移居到美國,而他在美國出生的24歲女兒,如今也走上街頭舉手抗議發聲。

"But with issues like police brutality and discrimination at the workplace, we're running into a lot of the same things African-Americans have experienced over the years," said Mr Gitaa, who moved to the US from East Africa about 30 years ago and whose American-born 24-year-old daughter has been one of the people making their voices heard on the streets.

       在非洲人和美國黑人之間,一直都有著某種張力。

There has always been tension between Africans and black Americans.

       我和朋友凱倫·阿蒂亞(Karen Attiah) 兩年前就曾在《華盛頓郵報》(The Washington Post)上探討過其中一些話題。當時超級英雄電影《黑豹》(Black Panther)剛上映。

My friend, Karen Attiah, and I unpacked some of it in The Washington Post two years ago when the superhero film Black Panther came out.

       她是該報「全球意見」(Global Opinions)欄目的編輯,一個非洲移民的女兒:在美國出生,但與父母的家鄉有著很深的聯繫。

She is the paper's Global Opinions editor, a daughter of African immigrants - born in the US, but deeply connected to her parent's home continent.

       凱倫告訴我說,父母在具體討論種族和白人種族主義時,所用的是她和兄弟姐妹成長過程中沒有聽到過的方式。

Karen told me her parents are now discussing race and white racism specifically in a way she and her siblings did not hear while growing up.

       「我們以前幾乎是要和美國黑人保持一種距離,因為我們是移民,是不一樣的,」 這個星期她對我說。

"I think we were supposed to almost maintain a distance from black Americans because we were immigrants, we were different," she told me this week.

       「現在,我明白了,當一個警察看到你的膚色,他不會問你來自加納、奈及利亞還是辛巴威、或者亞特蘭大,還是達拉斯南區,他們只會看到一個黑人。」

"And now we understand that if a cop sees the colour of your skin, he's not about to ask if you're from Ghana or Nigeria or Zimbabwe, or Atlanta or the south side of Dallas, they just see a black person."


上圖:露琵塔·尼詠歐(Lupita Nyong'o),生於墨西哥首都墨西哥城,肯尼亞電影女演員。2013年,因電影《自由之心》而受到注目,並以此片獲得第20屆美國演員工會獎最佳女配角獎和第86屆奧斯卡金像獎最佳女配角,成為全世界第一位獲得奧斯卡獎的肯尼亞人。

Above: Lupita Amondi Nyong'o is a Kenyan-Mexican actress and author. The daughter of Kenyan politician Peter Anyang' Nyong'o, Nyong'o was born in Mexico City, where her father was teaching, and was raised in Kenya from the age of one. She attended college in the United States, earning a bachelor's degree in film and theater studies from Hampshire College.

Soon after her graduation, she had her first feature film role as Patsey in Steve McQueen's historical drama 12 Years a Slave (2013), for which she received critical acclaim and won several awards, including the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. She became the first Kenyan and Mexican actress to win an Academy Award.


上圖:特雷弗·諾亞(Trevor Noah), 來自南非的喜劇演員、作家、製片人、政治評論員和電視主持人。2015年,他接手美國電視頻道喜劇中心的深夜政治諷刺新聞節目《每日秀》。其自傳喜劇書籍《天生有罪》於 2016年出版,獲得廣泛好評。諾亞 2017年和 2018年被《好萊塢報導》評為 「紐約媒體35位最具影響力人物」 之一。2018年,《時代雜誌》將他評為全球100位最具影響力人物之一。

Above: Trevor Noah (born 20 February 1984) is a South African comedian, political commentator, and television host. He is the current host of The Daily Show, an American satirical news program on Comedy Central. Noah has received various accolades, including a Primetime Emmy Award win from six nominations.He was named one of "The 35 Most Powerful People in New York Media" by The Hollywood Reporter in 2017 and 2018.In 2018, Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world.

       像演員露琵塔·尼永奧(Lupita Nyong'o)和喜劇演員特雷弗·諾亞(Trevor Noah)等非洲名人,正在利用他們有影響力的平臺,聲援爭取公義的行動,並且指出那些批評抗議聲音當中所存在的偽善。

African celebrities like actress Lupita Nyong'o and comedian Trevor Noah are using their powerful platforms to support the agitation for justice and to call out the hypocrisy in some of the criticism of the protests.

      非洲聯盟(AU)甚至罕有地發表一份聲明,對佛洛伊德的死表示遣責,要求美國政府 「確保完全消除一切形式的歧視」。

The African Union (AU) even released a rare statement condemning the death of Floyd, and asking the US government to "ensure the total elimination of all forms of discrimination".

      401年前,第一批非洲奴隸來到了美國:登陸地點是當時的英屬殖民地弗吉尼亞。

The first enslaved Africans arrived in the US - in the then British colony of Virginia - 401 years ago.
Above: Ghanaian artist Kwame Akoto-Bamfo creates sculptures of slaves to immerse people in their experience.
      去年,他們其中的後代作了一場回到非洲之旅,以標記 「回歸之年(the Year of Return)」,回到四個世紀前,祖先被擄走的地方。

Last year, some of their descendants made the journey back to Africa to mark "the Year of Return" to where their forebears were stolen from four centuries ago.

       黨中一個標誌性的活動是去年12月在加納的 「Afrochella Festival」 節慶,出主意的是阿卜杜爾·卡利姆·阿卜杜拉(Abdul Karim Abdullah)。

One of the marquee events was the Afrochella Festival in Ghana last December, the brainchild of Abdul Karim Abdullah.

       打電話給他時,他剛剛經過漫長的一夜,抗議來到了在紐約市布朗克斯區,他家所在的一帶。

When I called, he was recovering from a long night after protests hit his home borough of The Bronx in New York City.

       「很多非洲人忽略了一個事實,這也是他們的抗爭,」 他說。「對黑人的不義,在任何地方都是不義,我們應該站起來,團結一致對抗。」

"A lot of Africans are ignorant to the fact that this is also their fight," he said. "Injustice to black people anywhere is injustice. We should stand up and fight together in solidarity."

       在美國的非洲人,與 「黑人命也是命(Black Lives Matter)」 的活動人士一起遊行,支持 「反對白人至上主義」 的抗議,捐錢給社區公義活動,並且組織自己的活動,顯示黑人族群的一致性。

Africans in the US have marched alongside Black Lives Matter activists, supported protests against white supremacy, donated money to social justice causes and organized their own events to show unanimity in the black community.

'Black men are most mistreated'    黑人受到最多不公對待

       在美國不同地方的公眾活動當中,有手持非洲國家國旗或者非洲各種語言標語的抗議者出現。

Protesters with African flags or with signs in languages from the continent have also been spotted at events in different parts of the US.

       德克薩斯州達拉斯市政廳門外,賈達·沃克(Jada Walker)含淚向遊行人群說:「在這個地球上,有色人種,特別是黑人,是最受到不當對待、最被錯誤評價和誤解的族群。」

"People of colour, especially black men, are the most mistreated, misvalued and misunderstood community on this planet," a tearful Jada Walker told a crowd of marchers outside the Dallas City Hall in Texas.

       她擔心有特殊需要的兩歲外甥長大之後會面臨什麼。

She worried about what awaits her two-year-old nephew who has special needs when he grows up.

      「當他像他父親一樣長到6尺8寸,不擅溝通,同時又長得像警察想找的人時,警員會怎樣對待他?」

"How is a cop going to treat him when he stands 6ft 8in like his father, is not communicative and looks like someone they're looking for?"

       由於美國警方對黑色或棕色人種執法時的暴力往事,所以父母總是很警惕。

Because of the violent history of American policing for black and brown communities, parents are always on edge.

       伊夫拉·厄德古恩(Ifrah Udgoon)出生於索馬利亞,現在在俄亥俄州哥倫布市當中學科學課老師。她一直為自己13歲的兒子而活在恐懼中。

Ifrah Udgoon, a Somalia-born high school science teacher in Columbus, Ohio, lives with that fear for her 13-year-old son.

       「每過一天,都會有種意識,就是不久的將來,或者現在已經是,他在人們眼裡將從可愛變成有威脅性,而我為他的天真而心碎,」 她在南非《郵政衛報》(Mail & Guardian)撰文說。

"Each passing day brings the realisation that soon, if not already, he will go from being seen as cute to being seen as threatening. And my heart breaks for his innocence," she wrote in South Africa's Mail & Guardian.

       厄德古恩女士點出了一個很多非洲移民都感覺得到的掙扎:「人們期待,我來到這裡就應該感恩,但我是否已經將靈魂賣給魔鬼了?」

Ms Udgoon captured a battle many other African immigrants feel: "I am expected to be grateful to be here. But have I sold my soul to the devil?"

上圖:「我試過被截停、搜身以及被種族化地標籤。這場抗爭是我的抗爭。」 阿卜杜爾·卡利姆·阿卜杜拉(Abdul Karim Abdullah)Afrochella Festival組織者。

      阿卜杜拉視 Afrochella 為一個平臺,將散居的黑人面對一些像這樣看起來棘手的障礙時,能夠將他們團結起來。

Mr Abdullah sees Afrochella as a platform to unite the black diaspora as they deal with seemingly intractable obstacles like this.

       「我查探來自海地、貝寧、聖文森和格瑞那丁等國家的黑人朋友,因為歧視是沒有國籍之分的。系統性的種族歧視影響著我們所有人。」

"I checked in with black friends from Haiti, Benin and St Vincent and the Grenadines because discrimination has no nationality. Systemic racism affects us all.

       「長時間以來,我沒有意識到這是不公義,直到開始找到恰當的語言。我試過被截停、搜身以及被種族化地標籤。這場抗爭是我的抗爭,」 阿卜杜拉說。

"For a long time, I hadn't realized it was an injustice until I started finding language for it. I've been pulled over, been through stop and frisk and racially profiled. This fight is my fight." Mr Abdullah said.

       這不僅是為像他這樣的非裔美國人抗爭,而是一次為了黑人有權在美國得到安全的抗爭。

It is not just his fight for African-Americans like him, it is a fight for the right to be black safely in America.

       我重聽了凱倫的語音留言,她的結論很深刻:「如今顯現出來的是反黑人,而它喚起的種族覺醒是一樣的,所謂的抗爭乃彼此相連。」

I replayed Karen's voice note to me because she had a powerful conclusion: "I think right now what is on display is anti-blackness and it's raising the consciousness about the connectedness of so many of our struggles, not the same but very much connected."


       美國明尼蘇達州暴力騷亂5月25日從雙子城迅速蔓延到至少20個州。事件起因是一名非裔男子,喬治·弗洛伊德(George Floyd)在白人警察執法過程中被警察膝蓋鎖壓頸項致死,引發抗議,暴力迅速升級、蔓延,首都華盛頓局勢緊張,還驚動了總統川普。


上圖:「弗洛伊德之死」引發的種族騷亂持續多日,蔓延到20多州。騷亂始發地明尼蘇達州事態最嚴重,加油站被縱火。

        和平抗議示威、縱火焚燒樓房和汽車 『搶劫商店,催淚瓦斯煙霧中警民對峙……無不勾起似曾相識的歷史回憶。美國20世紀歷史上不乏種族關係引發的騷亂。

       在廢除種族隔離法案生效8年後,美國南方種族隔離勢力強大的背景下,一名從軍隊退役的非裔男子詹姆斯·梅瑞狄斯(James Meredith)申請就讀密西西比大學。幾經周折,多番努力,在全美有色人種協會、總統甘迺迪、聯邦司法部、法警和軍隊的協助下,最終衝破阻力得以踏進校門。

       9月30日傍晚,梅瑞狄斯在聯邦司法部副部長和幾百名法警護送下從大學西門進入。當地種族隔離主義分子聞訊聚集校園,與法警爆發衝突,後者發射催淚瓦斯。聯邦軍隊奉命增援,深夜突入校園,黎明前平息了騷亂。衝突期間一名法國記者和一名旁觀者被打死,約300人受傷,200多人被捕。

       密西西比大學騷亂震驚世界,第二年美國民權領袖馬丁·路德·金髮表了著名的演說,"我有一個夢想……",美國民權運動隨後逐步走向高潮。

1967年 底特律騷亂

       1967年7月23日,美國汽車城底特律警察在凌晨突襲無證經營的酒吧,逮捕數十名黑人,引發暴力衝突,演變成騷亂。24日晚,數千人衝破一萬多名軍警的包圍,燒毀市區許多房屋和商店以及數處警察所,最後聯邦軍隊介入,持續了5天的騷亂得以平息。

       事件造成40多人死亡,約400人受傷,7000多人被捕。

1968年 馬丁·路德·金遇刺引發全美騷亂

     1968年4月4日,美國民權運動領袖馬丁·路德·金在田納西州演講時遇刺,全國110多個城市從4月到7月,先後爆發示威、騷亂和暴力衝突。縱火和搶劫商店造成數千萬美元損失。芝加哥、巴爾的摩、辛辛那提和首都華盛頓特區事態尤其嚴重,聯邦政府軍隊介入。

       時任總統詹森下令由海軍陸戰隊、國民警衛隊和陸軍荷槍實彈護衛國會山和白宮,全市宵禁,禁售槍枝和酒精類飲品。華盛頓騷亂持續了4天,一千多處樓房被縱火燒毀,13人死亡。現在普遍認為這場全國範圍的騷亂總計31人死亡。

1992年 洛杉磯騷亂

      1992年4月29日至5月2日,美國洛杉磯爆發了被稱為20世紀最大的種族騷亂,持續6天,63人死亡,經濟損失達10億美元。

       騷亂的導火索是警察毆打非裔青年羅德尼·金(Rodney King),法庭一年後判警察沒有過度使用武力,無罪釋放,這個裁決被認為不公平,激起眾怒,抗議示威迅速升級為騷亂,洛杉磯城裡到處火光沖天,陷入混亂和癱瘓。騷亂一天之內蔓延到近20個州。

       加州州長宣布洛杉磯進入緊急狀態,時任總統布希派4000多國民警衛隊員,進城平息暴力,參謀長聯席會議主席鮑威爾親自指揮。事後,4名涉案警察被聯邦法院以違反民權被定罪,判處30個月監禁。

2013-2014 馬丁和布朗

       2013年佛羅裡達州桑福德騷亂、2014年密蘇裡州弗格森事件都是黑人在警察執法過程中喪生,而涉事警察後來安然無事,引發全國100多個城市民眾抗議示威,有些地方演變成暴力騷亂。

        2012月2月26日,佛羅裡達州桑福德的社區協警喬治·齊默爾曼(George Zimmerman)在路上看到去便利店買了東西出來的非裔青年特雷翁·馬丁(Trevon Martin),覺得他可疑,打電話報警後尾隨,期間發生扭打,警察趕到後馬丁已中彈趴在地上。

       齊默爾曼被控二級謀殺,但2013年7月法庭宣布他無罪釋放,引發全國抗議潮,而桑福德則出現騷亂,數輛警車被焚。

       2014年8月9日,18歲非裔青年麥可·布朗(Michael Brown Jr)在密蘇裡州弗格森市被白人警察達倫·威爾遜(Darren Wilson)攔截搜查後開槍打死,隨即引發各地連續數周的抗議示威,弗格森警車和房屋被焚,學校和商場關閉,全城陷入騷亂。

       事件一周年時,遊行集會者在弗格森警察局等機構前抗議示威,打出 "黑人生命也重要"( Black Lives Matters)的口號,也使國際社會更多關注美國國內的種族關係和系統性種族歧視問題。

       這兩起相隔不久的同類事件引發了美國國內和國際社會對種族歧視、警察暴力執法、司法不公等社會議題的關注。歐巴馬政府任期內,美國在立法和行政層面對警察執法的監督和警民關係改善方面做了一些努力。

2020年弗洛伊德之死引發明尼蘇達騷亂

       「沒有正義就沒有和平。不要種族歧視的警察!」

「No justice, no peace. No racist police!」

        全國性示威活動已經持續數周,這樣的口號在美國各地的街頭迴蕩,這明確了一件事:美國警察面臨著一場正當性危機。其後果遠遠超出警務本身。

Weeks of nationwide demonstrations, in which that chanted demand has echoed in streets across the United States, have made one thing clear: The American police face a crisis of legitimacy. And its consequences reach far beyond policing itself.

      決心重塑執法以糾正數十年種族不平等的人,不妨看看其他曾經努力應對這一挑戰的國家在這方面的經驗。堅持認為沒有問題需要解決的人也應該這樣做。

Those intent on remaking law enforcement to redress decades of racial injustice would do well to look at the experiences of other countries that have wrestled with just that challenge. So would those who insist that there is no problem to be fixed.

       警察正當性危機並非美國獨有。北愛爾蘭、南非、斯裡蘭卡和緬甸等地也發生過類似情況。儘管這些國家的一些經驗可能為美國如何著手解決當前動蕩背後的問題提供指導,但它們也對美國所面臨挑戰的規模提出了嚴峻的警告。

Crises of police legitimacy are hardly unique to the United States. They have also occurred in places like Northern Ireland, South Africa, Sri Lanka and Myanmar, among others. And while some of their experiences may offer guidance for how the United States could start redressing the problems underlying the current unrest, they also stand in stark warning about the scale of the challenge the United States is facing.


上圖:在北愛爾蘭,警察的確改變了他們在北愛爾蘭問題中使用的許多更為軍事化的平叛手段。但即使在和平協定籤署二十多年後的今天,警方仍經常難以說服受害者相信正式的司法系統,而不是轉向宗派準軍事團體提供的暴力正義。Above: Graffiti in Northern Ireland last year. The Police Service of Northern Ireland replaced the Royal Ulster Constabulary. (In Northern Ireland, by contrast, the police did shift away from many of the more militarized counterinsurgency tactics they used during the Troubles. But even now, more than two decades after the peace agreement, the police often struggle to persuade crime victims to trust the formal justice system instead of turning to the rough justice that sectarian paramilitary groups offer.)

      直到最近,主流辯論還傾向於將警察殺人視為孤立事件,是個別警官的錯誤,或者「幾粒老鼠屎」的不當行為,而不是系統性問題的可預見後果。(愛說「幾粒老鼠屎」的人似乎忘了後面還有半句——「壞了一鍋粥」。)

Until recently, mainstream debate has tended to treat police killings as isolated incidents of individual officers』 mistakes or misbehavior by 「a few bad apples," rather than predictable consequences of systemic problems. (Those partial to that phrasing seem to have forgotten that the rest of the adage is 「spoil the barrel.」)

       但無論如何,這種區分可能是錯誤的。

But in any case, the distinction may be a false one.

       在分裂的社會裡,如果對警察和其他安全部隊內部所謂的 「老鼠屎」 不加約束,那不是能力問題,而是一種政治選擇.

In divided societies, failure to restrain so-called bad apples within the police and other security forces is not a capacity issue but a political choice.

       這樣做的目的是告訴邊緣化的少數群體,他們永遠都不安全,他們沒有充分的公民權利,他們的人性總是受到質疑。

What this does is to tell marginalized minorities that they are never safe, that they don’t possess the full panoply of citizenship rights, and that their humanity is always in question.

       這對佔主導地位的階級或群體提供了雙重保護:警察的暴力維護了他們在社會等級中的地位;而且掌權者通過默許而不是自上而下的明確命令來鼓勵這種行為,從而可以合理地否認他們在暴行中所扮演的角色。

That offers double protections to the dominant class or group: Police violence preserves their position in the social hierarchy, and by encouraging it through implied permission rather than through explicit top-down orders, those in power maintain plausible deniability about their role in the brutality.

       通過當代的行為,歷史被淋漓盡致地展現出來,我們看到抗議者、示威者和起義者直指核心問題,在他們看來這是一種系統性的解決方案,而且肯定令人不舒服的。

This is the full force of history being brought to bear, transmitted through contemporary behavior, you see protesters, demonstrators, uprisers going to the heart of what they see as a systemic solution. And that is always going to be uncomfortable.

Illustration & Graphic |Cheung


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1992年 洛杉磯騷亂
1992年4月29日至5月2日,美國洛杉磯爆發了被稱為20世紀最大的種族騷亂,持續6天,63人死亡,經濟損失達10億美元。
騷亂的導火索是警察毆打非裔青年羅德尼·金(Rodney King),法庭一年後判警察沒有過度使用武力,無罪釋放,這個裁決被認為不公平,激起眾怒,抗議示威迅速升級為騷亂,洛杉磯城裡到處火光沖天,陷入混亂和癱瘓。騷亂一天之內蔓延到近20個州。
加州州長宣布洛杉磯進入緊急狀態,時任總統布希派4000多國民警衛隊員進城平息暴力,參謀長聯席會議主席鮑威爾親自指揮。事後

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