THE USE OF STEELBUILDING PANELS FOR ANIMAL CONFINEMENT
動物圈舍內的金屬維護板材應用
背景介紹
This TechnicalBulletin is intended to assist users in the design and maintenance of metalanimal confinement buildings with respect to obtaining a longer building life.Secondarily, it contains recommendations for materials selection decisions.
此技術文件旨在幫助我們的用戶從設計和維護方面入手，延長動物圈舍金屬維護板材的使用壽命。同時，本文也會就金屬維護板材的材料選型給出一些建議。
GALVALUME CoatedSheet Steel has outstanding corrosion resistance in a wide variety ofenvironments, including rural, industrial and marine regions. Atmosphericexposure for more than twenty five years has clearly demonstrated that it is atleast two to four times more durable in these environments than G90 galvanizedsheet. GALVALUME Coated Sheet Steel easily meets its twenty five-year warrantyrequirements, even in regions of acid rain.
鍍鋁鋅板在很多應用環境中有著出類拔萃的防腐性能，包括鄉村環境、工業大氣環境和海洋環境，在這些環境下進行的戶外暴曬實驗已經證實了鍍鋁鋅板的防腐蝕能力是鍍鋅板的2到4倍，很輕鬆就能達到25年的質保要求，甚至是在酸雨環境下也沒有問題。
In certainapplications, however, the relative corrosion rates of materials change. One ofthese applications is animal confinement buildings for hogs, cattle, andpoultry. In these environments, the corrosion of GALVALUME is more rapid thanhot-dip galvanized. For this reason, U. S. Steel neither recommends norwarrants the use of GALVALUME Coated Sheet Steel in animal confinementapplications.
然而，在特定的應用環境中，鍍鋁鋅板和鍍鋅板的腐蝕速度會跟上文中提到的順序顛倒過來，鍍鋁鋅板反而更容易被腐蝕了。動物圈舍就是這些特定的應用環境中的一個，包括豬舍、牛舍和雞舍，在這些動物圈舍中，鍍鋁鋅板會比鍍鋅板更快被腐蝕掉，因此，我們美國鋼鐵公司不推薦在動物圈舍中使用鍍鋁鋅板，如果有客戶執意要用，我們會拒絕就此應用環境提供任何質保。
Various types oflivestock, including cattle, hogs, and poultry, live all or most of their livesin confinement buildings. Animal waste and waste decomposition by-productsgenerated in these buildings create corrosion problems for metal building materials.Longer confinement times make the environment more corrosive.
在現代化的集約化養殖場中，包括養豬場、養牛場和養雞場，動物們絕大多數時間甚至整個養殖周期內都是在室內的，這也就意味著室內會有大量的糞汙排放，而這些糞汙又會分解出許多腐蝕性極強的腐蝕介質，從而導致圈舍內部形成一個對金屬維護板而言非常惡劣的腐蝕環境。
The business ofraising livestock is very competitive. Building cost effective housing is animportant aspect of this competition. Careful design and proper maintenance isa very important part of keeping the overall cost of metal animal confinementbuildings as low as possible.
現在不論是養豬、養牛還是養雞，行業內部的競爭都已經非常激烈，如何有效降低圈舍的建設和維護成本已經成為提高競爭力的一個重要因素。為了將圈舍的總成本儘可能降低，我們需要從兩個方面入手：精心的設計，以及適當的維護。
動物圈舍內部的腐蝕環境描述
Animal confinementbuildings are highly corrosive environments. The waste products generatedcontain sulfides, ureas, amines and other corrosive agents. They are rich inbacteria that oxidize the waste materials to organic acids that readily attackaluminum, iron, and zinc. Dust typically carries bacteria to all interior areasof the building. The constant high humidity from the animals, the waste and thecleaning water adds to the corrosivity of the environment.
動物圈舍內部的腐蝕性極強，主要腐蝕介質是糞汙分解產生的硫化物、脲類、胺類及其他化合物，這些腐蝕介質大量存在於舍內的細菌之中，且被細菌氧化為有機酸類，從而能夠輕易腐蝕掉鋁、鐵以及鋅。通常來講，這些被細菌中的腐蝕介質會通過灰塵被帶往舍內的所有角落。由動物的呼吸、排便以及舍內衝洗而產生的持續的高溼度也會讓舍內的腐蝕環境變得更為惡劣。
Direct contact ofthe building panels with animal wastes will quickly corrode and perforate thesteel. The moisture will carry the corrosive ingredients through any paintfilm, corroding painted steel.
值得注意的是，我們一定要避免金屬維護板材與動物糞汙發生直接接觸，因為一旦發生這種情況，幾乎沒有什麼塗層和鍍層能夠抵擋得住這種腐蝕，金屬板材會很快穿孔。
Building panelsthat do not come in direct contact with animal wastes are still subject toextremely corrosive conditions. Waste gases and gases from waste decomposition,when combined with water, form a very corrosive solution. Water condenses oncool areas, absorbing these corrosive gases and bacteria laden dust from theair. The resulting solution severely attacks the metal coating, even throughpaint.
然而，對於那些沒有與動物糞汙發生直接接觸的金屬維護板材，它們仍然是處於極強的腐蝕環境中。糞汙和其分解物中產生的腐蝕性氣體與水發生反應能生成極強的腐蝕劑，而在動物圈舍內的冷橋位置，由於冷凝水的產生，加上無處不在的腐蝕性氣體以及富含有機酸的灰塵，給腐蝕劑的生成提供了絕佳的環境，這些腐蝕劑將會慢慢腐蝕掉金屬維護板材的塗層和鍍層。
The most severeattack comes on the underside of the roof, in crevices, at the bottom ofsidewalls, near exhaust ports on the sidewalls and roof, or between insulationand an exterior wall. These areas dry slowly because of poor air circulation orsevere condensation.
在動物圈舍內部，以下位置的金屬維護板材最易被腐蝕破壞：屋面板的下方、開洞的位置、牆板的下部、靠近出風口的牆面板和屋面板，以及牆板的背面。這些位置最易被腐蝕要麼是由於易生成冷凝水，要麼是由於這些位置的的空氣循環較慢導致很難乾燥。
Exterior areasnear ventilation ports are exposed to much the same corrosive atmosphere asinterior areas with only the natural washing effects of rain to cleanse them.
上段中提到的最易腐蝕的位置有一個比較特殊，就是靠近出風口的牆面板和屋面板，它們是由於雖然接觸的腐蝕環境與舍內相差無幾，但是它們只能靠自然降雨來清潔。
圈舍設計
Building designfactors that affect the corrosivity of these environments include insulation,ventilation practices, and interior cleanliness. Corrosion in confinementbuildings can occur on both the exterior and interior of roofing and sidewallpanels. Ventilation exposes some areas on the exterior of the roof or sidewallsto these corrosive fumes. The dominant factor in determining the building’scorrosion resistance is the building design. The steel material used is not thekey factor in the building’s life.
提高圈舍金屬維護板材的使用壽命可以從以下兩個方面入手：降低舍內的腐蝕環境和增強維護板材的防腐能力，這其中，降低舍內的腐蝕環境是事半功倍的因素，而增強維護板材的防腐能力則是事倍功半。如果我們想降低舍內的腐蝕環境，那麼從圈舍設計的時候，我們就應該注意以下三個因素：保溫設計、通風設計和內部清洗，如果這三個方面沒有注意好，即使我們用的板材再好，最終還是躲避不了舍內舍外的板材都被腐蝕壞掉的結果。
保溫和隔汽層設計
Rigid or battinsulation, combined with a vapor barrier, protects the inside of the panelsfrom corrosive gases and keeps the building comfortable for the animals.Well-sealed joints and vapor barriers maintain moisture tightness such thatcorrosive vapors do not penetrate between the boards or batts and condense onthe inside of the roofing panels.
使用剛性或者柔性的保溫材料，搭配上隔汽層，能夠保護圈舍金屬維護板的內側不被舍內強腐蝕性環境破壞，同時也能使舍內保持舒適的溫度。密封良好的隔汽層能夠有效隔絕水汽，從而避免腐蝕性氣體穿過保溫材料破壞牆板或者屋面板的內側。
The top and bottomsidewall and roof edges, as well as any cut edges, need a good vapor barrierbecause of the close proximity to fasteners. Condensation between theinsulation and roofing is exceptionally aggressive because of the long dryingtime associated with small gaps. A designed gap between the insulation and wallallows easier drying, should moisture penetrate the system.
所有金屬維護板的切邊處尤其需要做好隔汽層，因為這些地方靠近自攻釘。在保溫層和維護板之間如果產生了冷凝水的話將會非常難以處理，因為這個地方空間太小通風量有限，需要非常長的時間才能幹燥。如果將保溫層和維護板設計得隔開一定距離，那麼這個地方就會易於乾燥了，即使水汽進入的話也不用擔心。
Because some minorleaking of the barrier always occurs, the use of blown-in insulation should beavoided. This material holds moisture well and dries exceptionally slowly whenwet. Additionally, it settles and creates uninsulated pockets at the top ofwalls and sloped roofs.
由於在使用過程中隔汽層被損壞的現象難以避免，所以應該儘量避免使用碎屑狀的保溫材料。碎屑狀的保溫材料一旦被水汽進入就很難乾燥，而且由於水汽使其變重，應用在牆體內和坡屋頂上的碎屑狀保溫材料還會塌落，在牆體上部或者坡屋面高處產生無保溫的空腔區域。
In anenvironmentally controlled building, the use of a good insulation and vaporbarrier system also helps reduce energy costs.
在一個環境可控的圈舍裡，良好的保溫層和隔汽層不僅有助於防腐蝕，更能夠為農場主節約能耗。
通風設計
Any and allefforts to ventilate the corrosive fumes generated within an animal confinementbuilding will reduce the severity of corrosion from these gases. The decreasedconcentration of the corrosive gases would make any leaks in the vapor barrierless of a problem. The dew point decreases with any decrease in humidity,causing less condensation.
只要我們將圈舍內部的廢氣排出去一點，那麼圈舍內部的腐蝕性氣體濃度就會降低一點，也就意味著圈舍內部的腐蝕環境變弱了一點，這也將減小由於隔汽層破損而帶來的損失。在這個排出廢氣的過程中，圈舍內部的溼度一般也會降低，而溼度降低意味著露點的降低，從而減少了冷凝水的產生。
The odor of abuilding is a rough indication of the ventilation’s effectiveness because thecorrosive gases are very aromatic.
要想知道舍內的腐蝕性氣體濃度還高不高的話，有個簡便易行的方法就是實地聞一聞舍內的氣味，要是臭味降低了就說明腐蝕性氣體濃度降低了。
The use of stacksof discharge tubes to release the gases away from the building greatly reducesthe corrosive effects on the building exterior because the fumes dischargedwith either power or natural ventilation could cause a corrosive attack on theexteriors in close proximity to the discharge.
前文中我們提到了靠近出風口的屋面板和牆面板也是易被腐蝕的，且無論是強制通風還是自然通風都一樣會導致這些位置附近的維護板被排出的廢氣腐蝕到，那麼為了降低此處的腐蝕，有一個方案可供選擇：設計較長的排氣管道，使得廢氣從遠離屋面板和牆面板的地方被排掉。
Eave ventingrequires special attention to areas near the openings, such as the drip edge orcut edges. The underside of a vented overhang requires protection, such as anextension of the insulation and vapor barrier from inside the building.
簷口出風處需要特別注意，比如說滴水挑簷以及板材的切邊處，這些地方都是易被腐蝕的區域。側牆簷口出風口的下方需要做好保護措施，比如說可以將保溫延伸至此或者是從內部做好隔汽層。
材料選擇
U. S. Steelrecommends painted G90 hot-dip galvanized (G90 HDG) with a zinc phosphatetreatment for animal confinement applications. The design factors above are thedominant factors in determining the building’s corrosion resistance. Improvingbuilding design is more cost effective than using heavier zinc coatings.Adequate ventilation, proper maintenance, good insulation and a vapor barrierprovide enough protection so that interior corrosivity will not harm the steel.Painted HDG gives excellent exterior corrosion protection.
在動物圈舍中，美國鋼鐵公司推薦使用經磷化處理的鋅含量275g/m^2的熱鍍鋅彩塗板，並且不推薦使用更厚的鋅層，因為圈舍設計的合理性才是其防腐性能的決定性因素。從經濟性的角度來說，相比使用更厚的鋅層，從以下幾個方面優化圈舍的設計能夠更節約地達到延長使用壽命的目的：足夠的通風、恰當的維護、良好的保溫以及能夠阻擋內部腐蝕環境的隔汽層。熱鍍鋅彩塗板對於圈舍外部環境來說有著足夠優秀的防腐性能。
內部清潔
The most importantaspect of interior cleanliness is efficient removal of animal waste. The methodand frequency of removal strongly affects the corrosivity of the atmosphere. Inan environment as conducive to bacterial growth as animal confinement, keepingthe building clean is easier if the bacterial growth is not allowed toprogress. Frequent cleanings will require less effort than infrequentcleanings. Regular cleaning of all areas of the building keeps the corrosivityof the waste and the bacteriological by-products to a minimum. Cleanliness isnot just a corrosion issue, it is a health issue for animals and workers.
圈舍的內部清潔最重要的一點就是有效的清除動物的糞汙，其清理方式和清理頻率都會影響到舍內腐蝕性的強弱。動物圈舍是極易滋生細菌的場所，如果更容易地保持舍內的清潔，就不能允許細菌繼續繁殖下去。清理地越頻繁，那維持內部清潔就越容易。定期對圈舍內部所有區域進行清理能夠將糞汙及其細菌分解物產生的腐蝕性維持在最小量。
圈舍內部的清潔不僅僅關係到腐蝕問題，更關係到生產人員和養殖動物的健康問題。
糞汙清理
The mostaggressive waste removal systems involve water mixtures, or slurries, oftenused in hog confinement to flush the wastes away from the building. Thenatural moisture associated with hog and cattle wastes, together with thesewaste removal systems, make cattle and hog confinement buildings extremely corrosiveenvironments.
對於養豬場來說，最有效的糞汙清理方式包括水衝糞和水泡糞。豬和牛的糞汙與其中的水份和糞汙清理系統一起使得豬舍和牛舍內部的環境腐蝕性極強。
Often in poultry,broiler or breeder houses, dry wood chips or sawdust hold the animal wastesuntil replenishment or replacement. Many egg-laying operations keep thechickens in tiered cages from which the wastes fall to a lower level and areremoved. The drier nature of poultry waste, together with improved methods forremoval, make poultry houses somewhat less corrosive in nature than hog andcattle confinement buildings.
在肉雞場和種雞場經常會用到幹木屑或者鋸末來作為墊料，把雞糞包裹在裡面，裝滿了之後要麼就補充墊料，要麼就徹底更換。很多蛋雞場都採取籠養的方式，雞糞能夠被排入到下一層並被及時清理掉。所以對於養雞場來說，一般舍內環境都較乾燥，且清除糞汙的方式也很有效，這使得雞舍比豬舍和牛舍的腐蝕性要低。
In some hog andcattle confinement buildings, a mechanical blade periodically drags the wastesto one end of the building for subsequent removal. This method increaseshumidity and the release of corrosive gases into the atmosphere.
有些豬場和牛場會採用刮糞工藝，刮糞板會定期將糞道中的糞汙從一端刮到另一端，送入接下來的處理程序中。這種清糞工藝會增加舍內的溼度，也會釋放大量的腐蝕性氣體到舍內環境中。
Development ofimproved waste disposal systems will relieve some of the need for highlyefficient ventilation systems. This will improve the overall cost effectivenessof the building. Bacteria decompose animal waste to amines and acids. Thisdecomposition makes animal confinement buildings even more corrosive becausethese by-products can aggressively attack metal and are volatile enough to bein the air constantly.
隨著更先進的糞汙清理系統的發展，在防腐蝕方面我們對高效通風系統的依賴就可以有所緩解，這一變化能夠有效降低圈舍的總成本。
細菌能夠將糞汙分解成胺類和酸類，這些化合物對金屬維護板材具有高度的腐蝕性，而且它們都屬於易揮發化合物，會充滿整個舍內環境，這也導致了舍內的腐蝕性相較於糞汙被分解之前更強。
Sites of corrosioncan occur anywhere because the bacteria become air-borne and settle on surfacesfrom dust or mist. Any water can absorb bacteria and waste gases that willsupport growth of the bacteria. The most severe problems come in the lessthoroughly cleaned areas, where corrosive waste and decomposition products canaccumulate.
由於細菌能夠通過空氣中的灰塵或者水霧傳播，所以舍內的腐蝕能夠發生在任何地方。舍內只要是有水的地方，就能滋生細菌，並且能夠吸收用於供細菌生長繁殖用的廢氣。
一般來說，舍內腐蝕最嚴重的地方都發生在清潔不夠的地方，因為這些地方的腐蝕性介質能夠大量聚集。
The most importantsteps in reducing bacteriological decomposition are an efficient waste removalsystem, a regular cleaning program and an easily cleaned building. Cleaningshould be frequent enough that the waste does not accumulate. This depends onthe rate of waste generation, the efficiency of the removal system and theefficiency of the previous cleaning.
對於減少細菌分解來說，以下三點至關重要：有效的糞汙清理系統，定期的清潔計劃和易於清潔的圈舍設計。其中定期的清潔計劃應以糞汙不在舍內堆積為準，這取決於動物的排洩量、糞汙清理系統的效率和上一次清潔的效果。
Easily cleanedbuildings will either be cleaner or make cleaning less of an effort. Itinvolves not having water-trap areas, having good drainage capabilities, andminimal crevices. If good cleanliness is difficult to maintain, antisepticcleaners can control bacterial growth.
易於清潔的圈舍設計既能減少清潔上的人力投入，又能提高清潔的效果。這種設計主要體現在以下三個方面：不能出現能藏水的死角，具備良好的排水能力和儘可能少的縫隙。如果圈舍的清潔實在太難維持，也可以考慮使用殺菌劑。
維護和保養
The interior vaporbarrier will occasionally need to be repaired in order to maintain its originalbarrier properties. Frequent cleaning could cause minor rips. Sealing tapecould come loose. Normal wear could alsocause holes. The exterior may show earlysigns of corrosion if the original venting design provided inadequateprotection, such as unsealed vent-stack seams.
隔汽層如果偶爾出現了被破壞的情況，那麼就需要及時修補，以達到和初始一樣的密封性能。以下原因會導致隔汽層被破壞：多次高壓衝洗導致的小裂縫，密封膠帶的失效，日常的磨損。
Prompt attentionto breaks in the vapor barrier are especially important in cold weather ascondensation is more likely. If moisture is trapped in the insulation, interiorcorrosion of the roof or sidewall will occur.
在冬季的時候，由於冷凝水的易發，需要格外注意隔汽層是否被破壞，一旦被破壞就要馬上修復，因為一旦腐蝕性水汽進入保溫層，那麼牆板的內側就會被破壞。
Mistakes oroversights in building design can result in severe localized corrosion.Diligent observation of the building can often catch these problems while thereis still time to correct the problem. Addressing these issues promptly will prolong building life.
在圈舍的設計中難免會出現一些小紕漏，為了防止由此產生的局部嚴重腐蝕，需要生產人員經常觀察圈舍維護板材的狀態，越早發現我們就有越多的時間來改正錯誤。如果我們總是能及時發現問題並及時解決的話，就能延長圈舍的使用壽命。
總結
1. Insulate the building using a vapor barrierin such a manner that the corrosive gases and high humidity cannot attack theinterior walls and roof. Use rigid board or batt insulation with a good vaporbarrier. Seal all joints well. U. S.Steel recommends not using blown- in insulation.
設置隔汽層，防止腐蝕性氣體和水汽破壞屋面板和牆板。選用合理的剛性或柔性保溫材料，並且密封好所有接縫的地方。美國鋼鐵公司不推薦使用碎屑狀保溫材料。
2. Maintain the vapor barrier to its originalhigh standards. Check if the original design provided adequate protection forexterior venting areas.
注意隔汽層的維護，使其能夠保持完好無缺。注意在通風設計上是否考慮了將出風口設置得遠離屋面板和牆面板。
3. Good ventilation reduces interior corrosivity. Ventilate sufficiently to avoidlocalized exterior corrosion. The ventilation should release the gases farenough from the sidewalls or roof so that mixing with fresh air will serve todilute the corrosivity sufficiently to not harm the building. Eave ventingrequires extra corrosion protection at the site of gaseous releases.
好的通風設計可以降低舍內的腐蝕性，也可以避免舍外的局部腐蝕。在設計出風口時，要注意出風口的位置應該離屋面板和牆面板足夠遠，從而有足夠的空間來稀釋從出風口排除的強腐蝕性氣體，避免維護板被腐蝕。在簷口通風的位置，需要額外的防腐措施來避免通風口位置的維護板材被腐蝕。
4. Design the building for efficient, easycleaning, especially with regard to waste removal.
Clean the interiorfrequently enough and thoroughly enough that the humidity, corrosive gases andbacteriological growth will not accumulate and become a corrosion issue.
在進行圈舍設計的時候，應注意使其易於清潔，尤其要注意糞汙應易於被清理乾淨。在生產過程中，應經常徹底清洗圈舍，避免因潮氣和腐蝕性氣體聚積以及細菌的滋生而產生腐蝕問題。
5. Highly corrosion resistant fasteners,typically stainless steels, with neoprene gaskets are preferable.
推薦使用不鏽鋼緊固件（或其他防腐性能相近的材料），且搭配氯丁橡膠墊片。
6. For poultry, hog and cattle applications,painted G90 HDG combined with proper attention to building design shouldprovide a reasonable service life. The building life will depend primarily ongood design rather than on the construction material.
對於豬舍、牛舍和雞舍而言，如果想達到足夠理想的使用壽命，使用Z275g/m^2的熱鍍鋅彩塗板應該就足夠了，但一定要注意從圈舍的設計角度就要考慮好防腐問題，如前文所說，決定圈舍使用壽命的關鍵因素不是提高金屬維護板材的規格，而是從設計角度降低房舍的腐蝕環境。
7. Painted, zinc phosphate-treated G90 HDG isthe preferred material. It, however,requires a vapor barrier and insulation to protect it from the corrosiveinterior environment. U. S. Steel does not recommend using GALVALUME CoatedSheet Steel for animal confinement applications.
美國鋼鐵公司推薦在動物圈舍中使用經磷化處理的鋅含量Z275g/m^2的熱鍍鋅彩塗板，但是，一定要注意同時要做好保溫設計和隔汽層設計，避免維護板直接與舍內的強腐蝕性環境直接接觸。美國鋼鐵公司不推薦在動物圈舍中使用鍍鋁鋅彩塗板。