哈嘍，小夥伴們，今天的外刊精讀我們來看看波蘭的空氣汙染問題以及解決方法。一提起波蘭，我們都會想起二戰期間納粹在這個國家建立的奧斯維辛集中營，以及蕭邦、居裡夫人和哥白尼。波蘭也是2009年金融危機影響中歐盟唯一一個實現經濟正增長的國家。然而，就是這個國家，其空氣汙染問題卻在歐盟格外突出，這是為什麼呢？波蘭又是怎樣應對這一問題的呢？讓我們一起來看看吧！小夥伴們可以先自己視譯一遍，然後做好精讀筆記。
Coal-burning Poles have created a big blob of pollution
1 blob n 在此處意為 sth that you cannot see very clearly 模糊不清的一團東西 結合語篇所以我們可以將此處具體翻譯成 空氣汙染。我們還可以舉個例句Eg: a vague blob of face 一張模糊的臉此外，它還有一滴，一團的意思，形容黏稠的液體 比如說，一團冰淇凌 a blob of ice creamSome countries』 borders are visible from space. At night, North Korea looks like a black void separating China from South Korea. Deforestation in Haiti has left astark contrast between its brown soil and the Dominican Republic’s lush vegetation.從太空俯視，一些國家間的界限清晰可見。在深夜，朝鮮就像一片黑色的真空，將中國和韓國分隔開。海地因砍伐森林，使得其棕色的土壤和多明尼加共和國蔥鬱的植被形成鮮明的對比。1 deforestation 砍伐森林 相似的詞有 afforestation 植樹造林，綠化 reforestation 重新造林 這些詞經常出現在zf工作報告裡2 a stark contrast between A and B = A is in stark contrast to B 鮮明的對比 我們可以舉個例句Eg: The failure of these New Economy players in China is in stark contrast to the success of brick-and-mortar companies.這些新經濟參與者在中國的失敗與那些實體公司在中國的成功形成了鮮明的對比。此外，stark 還有很多搭配 當意為 暗淡的，嚴酷的 = bleak/harsh 嚴酷的現實 stark/harsh reality 還表示 荒涼的，索然無味的 a stark/bleak hillside 荒蕪的山坡 3 vegetation 植被 不可數名詞 lush green vegetation 草木茂盛，鬱鬱蔥蔥Poland is an unlikely member of this club. Yet on cold days, the edges of Europe’s largest region of air pollution fit its outline snugly. At 10pm on January 18th fumes enveloped almost the entire country, only to dissipate 100km or so beyond its borders.波蘭可能和這些國家不太一樣。然而，在寒冷的季節裡，歐洲最大空氣汙染區的邊緣能死死地貼合該國的輪廓。1月18日晚上10點，煙霧幾乎籠罩著整個波蘭，僅僅擴散到了該國邊界約100公裡以外。1 snugly 是 snug 的副詞 在這裡表示 (especially of clothing) very tight or close-fitting 貼身的，嚴實的 比如我們說一件T恤衫貼身可以說 a snug/skin-tight T-shirt另外，還表 溫暖舒適的 cosy sb feel snug or someplace is snug.2 envelop 包住，裹住 envelop sb/sth (in sth) = be enveloped in sth 我們可以造個句子，Eg: The city was enveloped in mist.= Mist enveloped the city.The air breathed by an average Pole may not be Europe’s dirtiest. According to the European Environment Agency, Balkan nations like Serbia do worse on metrics like years of life lost per person. However, Poland’s effluvia stand out for their geographical spread. Of the 100 European cities with the most air pollution, 29 are Polish.一個普通波蘭人所呼吸的空氣在歐洲可能並不是最髒的。據歐洲環境署，像塞爾維亞這些處在巴爾幹半島的國家在一些如人均死亡年數的指標上非常糟糕。然而，波蘭所排放的廢氣因在地域上的擴散而引人注目。在歐洲空氣汙染最嚴重的100個城市中，有29個位于波蘭。1 average = ordinary = common, not special 比如我們可以說 一名普通的工人 an average/ordinary worker 普通人 common people 2 effluvia 是 effluvium 的複數形式 廢氣，臭氣 類似於 media是medium的複數形式 3 stand out （from;from/against ） 傑出，出色；這裡是顯眼，突出的意思 其形容詞大家都知道 outstanding 我們現在舉兩個例子 Eg: she stands out a mile from other candidatesthe yellow letters stand out well against the black background
Poland’s nationwide sheet of smog stems from its use of coal—often of the cheap, extra-dirty sort—for home heating, rather than the cleaner natural gas common in nearby countries. This causes 80% of its emissions of PM2.5, grains of matter that enter lungs easily. In the summer, Poland’s PM2.5 level is only slightly above the EU average. But when Poles turn up the heat during winter, it can be three times greater.
波蘭全國範圍內的大片霧霾來源於燃燒煤炭--通常是一種價格低廉的高灰煤--用來供暖，而不是其周邊國家所常用的更為清潔的天然氣。這便產生了其80%的PM2.5排放量，而PM2.5是一種容易進入肺部的顆粒物。在夏季，波蘭的PM2.5水平只是略高於歐洲平均水平。但是在波蘭人使用暖氣的冬季，這一水平能高出歐洲平均水平的三倍。
1 a sheet of 一大片 我們常用a sheet of ice/flame/water 表示 一層冰/一片火海/一大片水 還可以用 in sheets 形容雨下得大 舉個例子Eg: the rain came down in sheets此外，a sheet of 還可以接 paper,glass,steel 等 a sheet of paper/glass/steel 一張紙/一塊玻璃/一張鋼板2 stem from be the result of 是……的結果，起源於 舉個例子Eg: The accident stemmed from drunk driving.stem the flow of smuggled drugs, stem the tide of factory closuresCoal seams run deep in Polish history. Under communism coal was both the main fuel for the country’s economic modernization and a big export. Afterwards, the miners』 union blocked efforts to cut jobs in pits. In 2007-15 the state spent €14.8bn ($18bn) propping up the bloated industry. And in 2015 Law and Justice, a nationalist party, won election with a manifesto that supported coal. Poland is the only country in Europe to use more coal-derived energy for heating today than it did in 1990.波蘭的煤礦產業歷史悠久。在共產主義中，煤既主要推動著一個國家的經濟現代化，也用於大量出口。後來，礦井聯合會阻止削減礦坑的工作。2007年至2015年，波蘭花費了148億歐元（約合180億美元）用來扶持這個臃腫的產業。2015年，波蘭的民族主義黨法律與公正黨用一份支持燃煤的宣言贏得了選舉。與1990年相比，波蘭是當今歐洲唯一一個加大使用煤炭能源供暖的國家。1 seam 原意為礦層，引申意為寶庫，例如 a rich seam of information豐富的知識寶庫2 run deep in sth’s history 意為深深紮根於……的歷史中，歷史悠久 我們可以舉個例子Eg: Tea culture runs deep in Chinese history.3 prop up = shore up 扶持，加強
Eg: Congress approved a $700 billion plan to shore up the financial industry.4 bloated 原意為腫脹的，飽脹的，當和organization/industry搭配時，意為 too many people in it 飽和的，臃腫的The ruling party has had to moderate its backing for coal of late. The EU has earmarked €2bn to help Poland decarbonise, while soaring prices for carbon-emission permits have made electricity from coal uncompetitive. The European Court of Justice has also found Poland in violation of EU environmental directives. Half of Poles think air pollution is a serious problem.執政黨近來不得不削弱對燃煤的支持。歐盟已經準備了20億歐元幫助波蘭減少碳排放，然而獲得碳排放許可的奇高價格讓燃煤發出的電力處於劣勢。歐洲法院也發現波蘭違反了歐盟環境指令。一半的波蘭人認為空氣汙染是一個嚴重的問題。1 of late = recently 最近 舉個例子 Eg: I haven’t seen him of late.而倒過來 late of 接地點 表示直至最近工作或生活的地方，我們舉個例子就明白了Eg: Miss Evans, late of the Foreign Office David Green, late of Kingston2 earmark 指定用途 常和 for 搭配 ，例如2020年的政府工作報告就用了該詞Eg: 600 million yuan will be earmarked for investment in the central government budget.Eg: The EU has issued a set of directives on pollution.Eg: He is seeking a directive role in energy policy.In September Poland reached a deal with unions to close its coal mines by 2049. It has also subsidized replacements for coal-powered heaters. The city of Krakow has banned burning coal and wood, and reaped bigger gains in air quality than those of nearby areas. However, it will take more than this for Poland to stop standing out on pollution maps on a chilly day.九月，波蘭同一些聯盟達成了協議，到2049年關閉其煤礦。該國也為燃煤供暖廠的替換給予補貼。克拉科夫已禁止燃煤燃木，並相比於周邊的一些城市已經在空氣品質上取得了進步。然而，波蘭還需要做出更多的努力，避免在寒冷的一天十分刺眼地出現在顯示空氣汙染的地圖上。1 reap gains in 這裡gain意為進步，提高，我們可以舉個例子來解釋Eg: reap gains in efficiency 效率的提高reap the rewards/fruits of one's effortsreap the benefits of this investment 好了，今天的外刊精讀就到這了，小夥伴們是不是還意猶未盡呢？建議大家要定期複習檢驗哦！點擊 中國南北經濟差距 進行複習。