英語三種非謂語動詞動詞不定式,動名詞和分詞;
其中分詞又分為現在分詞doing和過去分詞done。
一、那麼,現在分詞和過去分詞怎麼區別?
1,邏輯上來說,現在分詞是主動關係;過去分詞是被動關係。
The man coming up is our teacher.
走過來的那個人是我們的老師。
You can have your clothes washed in the washing machine.
你可以用洗衣機洗衣服。
The amazing story told by him is totally made up.
他講的那個驚人的故事完全是虛構的。
2,時間上來說,現在分詞是現在進行的;過去分詞是過去完成的。
The developed countries are supposed to make more efforts to protect our environment.
發達國家應該更加努力地保護我們的環境。
Although its economy develops fast, China is still a developing country.
雖然經濟發展很快,但中國仍然是一個發展中國家。
Watch out! You can get burnt by the boiling water.
小心!你會被開水燙到的。(這裡的開水是指正在沸騰的水。)
The Chinese people tend to drink boiled water.
中國人喜歡喝開水。(這裡的開水是指燒開了的水。)
He is making a speech on modern education.
他正在就現代教育發表演講。
They have already left.
他們已經走了。
二、現在分詞和過去分詞在句子種具體怎麼運用?
現在分詞和過去分詞在句子中可以作謂語,表語,定語,補足語和狀語。
1,分詞作謂語動詞
非謂語動詞,顧名思義一般不做謂語。但它們可以和助動詞連用,構成不同的時態和語態。
具體而言,現在分詞可以構成連續(或進行)時態:
現在進行時:
They are having dinner at the moment.
他們正在吃晚飯。
過去進行時:
When I came home mother was preparing the dinner.
當我回家時,媽媽正在準備晚餐。
將來進行時:
We'll be playing football tomorrow at 5 PM.
我們明天下午5點踢足球。
現在完成進行時:
He has been teaching English in China for twenty years.
他在中國教了二十年英語了。
過去完成進行時:
We had been waiting for thirty minutes when he finally showed up.
我們等了三十分鐘,他終於出現了。
將來完成進行時:
Jack will have been doing his homework for three hours by six o'clock.
到六點鐘時傑克就已經做了三個小時的家庭作業了。
過去分詞可以構成完成時態和被動語態:
現在完成時:
She's already gone to school.
她已經上學了。
We have visited the village three times.
我們去過那個村子三次了。
過去完成時:
The train had left before they arrived at the station.
火車在他們到達車站之前就開走了。
將來完成時:
I will have had the walls painted by next Friday.
到下星期五我就把牆粉刷好了。
被動語態:
The research was conducted by the Department of Education.
該項研究是由教育部進行的。
The dog must be trained to obey its master.
狗必須經過訓練才會服從主人。
Cows are raised for their milk.
奶牛是為產奶而飼養的。
2,分詞作形容詞
分詞作形容詞,在句子中可以做表語,定語和補足語。
現在分詞和過去分詞主要從主動被動上加以區別。
另外,使役動詞現在分詞表示人或物的本身特徵;過去分詞表示人或物的心情或狀態等。
其實也可以理解為主動被動:心情或狀態自然是受外界影響的。
When you’re bored at work, it's time to take a vacation.
當你厭煩工作時,是時候休假了。(表語)
The boring speech put the audience to sleep.
枯燥的演講使聽眾昏昏欲睡。(定語)
The bored man went to sleep during the speech.
那個聽的乏味的人在演講時睡著了。(定語)
They found it boring to be at the party.
他們覺得參加聚會很無聊。(賓語補足語)
The boys are too excited to calm down!
孩子們興奮得無法平靜下來!(表語)
The excited crowd gathered in the pub.
激動的人群聚集在酒吧裡。(定語)
Everyone cheered when the exciting news came.
當令人興奮的消息傳來時,大家都歡呼起來。(定語)
Who's that beautiful girl playing the piano?
那個彈鋼琴的漂亮女孩是誰?(定語)
He is a hero remembered by everyone forever.
他是大家都永遠銘記的英雄。(定語)
3,分詞作副詞
分詞用的最多的是作副詞,在句子中作狀語。
與句子主語是主動關係,用現在分詞;被動關係用過去分詞。
Too excited to fall asleep, I opened a can of beer.
興奮得睡不著覺,我打開了一罐啤酒。
Bored at home,he decided to go to the movies.
在家裡無聊,他決定去看電影。
"Answer me." the teacher said to me, ignoring the others.
「回答我。」老師對我說,不理睬其他人。
"How long have you been here?" he asked, sitting down on the chair.
「你來這兒多久了?」他問道,在椅子上坐了下來。
Having lived in the UK for 3 years, he can speak English like a Briton.
在英國生活了3年,他英語說得像英國人一樣。
Left alone with nowhere to go, I stayed at the cafe for 2 hours.
獨自一人無處可去,我在咖啡館呆了兩個小時。
獨立主格結構:分詞與句子主語沒有邏輯關係,要在分詞前加上邏輯主語:
His heart broken, he never married again.
他心碎了,再也沒有結婚。
He ran past me, his dog following him.
他從我身邊跑過,他的狗跟著他。
He came into the house with the evening paper tucked under his arm.
他腋下夾著晚報走進屋子。
總而言之,分詞的用法還是比較容易掌握的。但在英語句子中是普遍存在的,所以我們要學著多用用。
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